|
Abadan,
462-4, 488
Abbas
II, Hilmi [1874-1944]. Khedive of Egypt, 1892-1914. Educated at Vienna. 32, 93,
149
Abdul
Aziz, Sultan, 3, 7, 13 n.1
Abdul
Hamid II, [1842-1918]. Sultan of Turkey, 1876-1909. 3-9, 12, 13 n.1, 23, 27-30,
34 n.21, 38, 74 n.44, 76, 91, 104; succeeds to Sultanate, 3; convokes
Parliament, 5; ostensible liberal leanings, 7; grants concessions to German
enterprise, 9; unable to extract guarantee for territorial integrity, 18;
attempts to suppress rebellion, 27; re-establishes constitution, 29; re-opens
parliament, 50; and counter-revolution, 65; deposed, 67
Abdulla
Pasha, 123
Abortive
raid on Dardanelles by Italians, 113
Aboukir
(British armoured cruiser), 368
Abrogation
of Constitution, 29, 105
Abyssinia,
22
Accord
between Berlin and Rome, 195
Ackermann,
280
“Action
Army”, 66-7,76
Activists
(CUP), 27
Aden,
39, 463
Adherents
(CUP), 24-5, 27
Administrator
of Ottoman Public Debt, see Block,
Adam
Admiralty
Oil Fuel Committee, 423-4, 427. See also:
Pakenham Committee; Royal Commission on Fuel Oil
Admiralty
War Room, 241, 243, 247, 255 n.47, 264, 387
Adrianople,
4, 123-4, 128-30, 135-9, 151-2, 154-7, 161, 163-4, 168, 171, 190, 230, 237, 294,
353; fall of, 138-9; retaken, 152; in British interests that Turks should keep
city, 157
Adriatic,
91, 120, 127, 229, 239-41, 243, 258, 264, 274, 281, 348, 369, 381, 395, 406,
496, 510
Advances
and modernization, 7
Advisers
to the Porte: financial, 297; legal, 135; naval, 166, 168, 186, 277
Advisory
Council, 24
Aegean,
20, 91, 123, 127, 140, 143, 180-1, 190-1, 196, 198-9, 201, 204-5, 219, 224, 234,
241-4, 251-2, 260, 262, 296-7, 334, 494, 496-7, 499, 401, 503. See also Islands question
Aehrenthal
Alois, Baron Lexa Von (Count from 1909) [1854-1912]. Austro-Hungarian Ambassador
at St. Petersburgh, 1899-1906; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1906-1912. 39-41,
43, 50, 53 n.14-15, 54 n.16, 70-1, 75 n.54, 93, 102 n.44
Aerial
reconnaissance, 413
Africa,
North, 84, 86, 97, 115, 150, 239, 245; East, 371
African
Army Corps, see Algerian Army Corps
Aga
Khan, 314, 318 n.38
Agadir,
84, 86, 104
Agincourt
(British super-dreadnought, ex-Sultan Osman, ex-Rio de
Janeiro), 222
Agitators,
134
Ahmed
Riza, 24
Aidin-Smyrna
Railway, 80
Airships,
142, 370. See also Zeppelin attack
Akaba
(Aquaba), 22, 332
Alanya,
195
Albania,
82, 90-2, 119-20, 122, 124-5, 127, 140, 151, 156, 348, 408
Albanians,
49, 65, 77, 82, 121
Alexandretta,
5, 346, 353-4, 375 n.51, 409, 481, 527; proposed occupation of, 359, 371, 392,
395, 412
Alexandria,
14 n.14, 241, 378, 412
Alexinatz,
4
Algeciras
Conference (1906), 12, 17
Algeria,
155, 243
Algerian
Army Corps, 239-40, 243
Ali
Fuad, 24, 62
Alliance:
proposed alliance between Germany and Turkey, 18-9; proposed alliance between
Britain and Turkey, 59, 97; proposed alliance between Britain and Russia, 63;
secret alliance between Bulgaria and Serbia, 109, 120; proposed alliance between
Turkey and Germany, 206, 215; Turco-German alliance signed, 225; Greeks warned
of Turco-German alliance, 245; proposed alliance between Russia and Turkey, 274.
See also Defensive alliance;
Franco-Russian alliance; Triple Alliance; Turco-German alliance
Amalfi
(Italian warship), 106
Ambassadorial
independence, 100
America,
65, 85, 140, 220, 298, 462
American
battleships: see Idaho and Mississippi
American
Embassy, 414
Amet,
Contre-Amiral (later Vice-Amiral) Jean François Charles [1861-1940]. Commanded
Allied Squadron in the Aegean, 1918. 501-4
Amsterdam,
372
Anarchist
movement, 24
Anatolia,
506, 532
Anatolian
railway, 94, 519
Anglo-French
Entente, see Entente
Anglo-French
Naval Convention (August 1914), 392-3, 499
Anglo-German
Agreement (1914), 462
Anglo-Koweiti
Agreement (1899), 10
Anglo-Persian
Oil Company, 425, 427-34, 440, 442-8, 456-63, 483
Anglo-Russian
alliance advocated, 63
Anglo-Russian
Convention (1907), 5, 10, 25-6, 30, 43-4, 108, 146, 482
Anglo-Russian
Naval Convention, 197
Anglo-Turkish
Convention (1913), 447
Anglo-Turkish
Defensive Alliance (1878), 6
Annexation:
Egypt, 3; Bosnia, 39-42, 48; Tripoli, 97-8
Anomalous
position of Austria (August 1914), 243
Antwerp,
344, 372, 382, 396
Anzac
Cove, 360
ANZAC
Headquarters, 412
Aquaba
(Akaba), 22, 332
Arab
determination, 484
Arabia,
18, 22, 481, 484, 486, 516
Arabs,
49, 77, 118 n.39, 462, 486, 488, 521
Archangel,
345, 355 n.3
Archerfield
House, 86
Archives
moved out of Constantinople, 417 n.38
Ardahan,
353
Argentine
warships, 140, 298
Armenia,
28, 65, 164, 153, 170, 208-9, 457, 486, 522
Armenian
language, 65
Armenian
massacres, 7-8, 506
Armenian
reforms, 170, 197
Armenians,
500, 520, 522
Armistice,
Balkan War (1912-13), 127, 137-8
Armistice,
First World War, 494-5, 499-505; terms, 520
Armistice,
Turco-Russian War (1878), 4-5, 7
Armstrong
(armaments manufacturer), 82, 142, 167, 182-5, 198, 219, 221-3, 229, 237-8,
265-6, 278, 290, 317, 323. See also
Vickers
Army
Corps: see Corps
Arrest
of Kiamil Pasha, 136, 147
Arsenal,
167-8
Asia
Minor, 11, 98, 137, 146, 153, 155, 157, 195, 208, 236, 275, 354, 392, 409-10,
462, 477
Asiatic
Provinces, 6, 49, 149, 153
Asquith,
Herbert Henry [1852-1928]. Liberal MP, 1886-1918, 1920-4. Home Secretary,
1892-5; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1905-8; Prime Minister, 1908-16; Secretary
of State for War, 30 March-5 August, 1914. 44, 80, 86, 126, 130, 131 n.28, 191,
198, 260-1, 282, 290-1, 327, 329, 343-8, 351-2, 359, 362, 366, 368, 376, 384-5,
387-9, 392, 394, 396, 400-2, 405 n.38, 406-7, 410, 413, 427, 431, 465, 469 n.39,
476, 479, 482, 484; anti-Turkish attitude, 153, 157, 269; and decision for war,
224; abandons formula of Ottoman territorial integrity, 326; and sacking of
Battenberg, 328; setting up of War Council, 344, receives memoranda from
Churchill and Hankey, 351; and nebulous conclusions, 379-81; muddled method of
conducting war, 386, 411, 466; confrontation with Churchill and Fisher, 398-9;
anxious about Serbian defeat, 409; accepts Greek offer, 478; accepts Russian
claims, 481, 487
Assassin,
7, 27
Assassination
of Franz Ferdinand (June 1914), 206, 208
Assassination
of Shevket Pasha (1913), 148-9
Assim.
Turkish Foreign Minister, 1912. 109
Ataturk,
see Kemal
Athens,
124, 128, 141, 152, 161, 183, 191, 194, 199, 207, 225, 230, 240-51, 259, 262,
265, 280, 284-5, 295-6, 301, 311, 325, 345, 408-10, 422, 471, 475, 478, 496
Attorney
General (British), 221, 231 n.10
Audacious
(British super-dreadnought), 328, 368
Augagneur,
Victor [1855-1931]. French Minister of Marine, 1914-8. 393-8
Austria-Hungary,
4-6, 8, 11, 18, 22, 26, 30, 39, 40, 44, 46, 48-50, 52, 63, 70-1, 85-6, 95, 108,
111, 119-20, 130, 147, 150, 152, 155, 178, 195-6, 198, 208-12, 226, 228, 234-5,
242-4, 258, 260-3, 274-6, 279, 293, 321, 335, 347-8, 351, 359, 369-70, 392, 406,
409, 465, 479, 486, 490, 509, 532; annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 39, 42;
Austrian encroachment, 45; Austrian intransigence, 49; Austrian ambitions, 70-1
Austrian
Ambassador, 7, 47, 193, 195, 207-8. See
also Mensdorff, Pallavicini
Austrian
Automobile Corps, 293
Austrian
declaration of war, 213, 219. See also
Anomalous position of Austria
Austrian
Fleet, 85, 220, 227-9, 239-44, 258-9, 261, 281, 406, 472-3
Austrian
Foreign Minister, 39, 122
Austro-Hungarian
Council of Ministers, 208
Austro-Hungarian
ultimatum to Serbia, 206-7, 211-2
Austro-Russian
Agreement (1897), 8
Austro-Turkish
Protocol (1909), 51, 73 n.25
Averoff
(Italian-built Greek cruiser), 141, 298
Avji
battalion, 65
Aya
Sophia, 4, 65
Azerbaijan,
76
B11
(British submarine), 345
Babington-Smith,
Sir Henry [1863-1923]. Director of the National Bank of Turkey, 1909-13. 104-5,
428, 448-9
Backlash
(religious), 62
Baghdad
(Bagdad) Railway, 8-9, 11-2, 15 n.37, n39, 33 n.8, 39, 60-1, 77-7, 81, 83-4, 88
n.33, 89 n.35, 128, 348, 359, 423, 445, 447, 449-51, 462, 483-4, 519. See also Concession for Baghdad Railway
Balfour,
Sir Arthur James (later the Earl of Balfour) [1848-1930]. Conservative MP,
1874-85, 1885-1906, 1906-22. First Lord of the Treasury, 1891-2, 1895-1902;
Prime Minister, 1902-5; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1915-6; Foreign Secretary,
1916-9. 64, 347, 352, 359, 361, 379, 410-1, 495, 504; formation of Defence
Committee and threat from Russia (1903), 11-2; argues against subsidiary
operations, 371-2; informed of Fisher’s unease, 385; receives Fisher’s
memorandum, 389; enthusiastic support of Dardanelles scheme, 400-1; accepts
Admiralty view on use of ships alone, 406-7; writes memorandum on confusion of
competing schemes, 466; receives Turkish peace overtures (1918), 494
Balkan
bloc, 70, 234, 283-4, 409
Balkan
League, 95, 116, 121
Balkan
Military Conventions, 48-9, 120, 122
Ballard,
Rear-Admiral George Alexander [1862-1948]. Assistant Director of the
Intelligence Department; Director of the Operations Division, Admiralty; Admiral
of Patrols, East Coast, 1914-16; Senior Naval Officer, Malta, 1916-18. 431
Balmoral,
86
Baltic,
99
Baltic
Fleet (Russian), 25, 196, 198
Baltic
Scheme, 349-51, 360, 362, 369, 377, 398-9, 401
Bank
loan to Turkey, 183
Banks,
see Deutsche Bank, National Bank of
Turkey
Banque
Ottomane, 133
Barbados
(oil), 424
Barclay,
Sir G. H. [1862-1921]. 2nd Secretary at British Embassy, Constantinople,
1898-1902; Secretary of Legation (later Councillor) at Tokyo, 1902-6; Councillor
of Embassy at Constantinople, 1906-8 (sometimes Chargé d’Affaires); Minister at Tehran, 1908-1912; at Bucharest,
1912-18. 28-30, 516
Barker
(Armstrong-Vickers representative), 265
‘Baron’
Thomas de Ward, 447, 449, 451
Barrier
(mine), 307, 313, 334
Barrow,
General Sir Edmund [1852- ].
Commanded 1st Division, India, 1904-7; Southern Army, India, 1908-12; Military
Secretary, India Office, 1914-7. 463, 488
Barrow-in-Furness,
198
Basra,
(Basrah, Busrah), 9, 22, 61, 77, 84, 88 n.33, 128, 348, 447, 463-4, 483-4, 488
Battenberg,
Prince Louis Alexander of (later Admiral of the Fleet, Marquess of Milfordhaven)
[1854-1921]. Director of Naval Intelligence, 1903-5; commanded 2nd Cruiser
Squadron, 1905-7; second in command, Mediterranean 1908; C-in-C, Atlantic Fleet,
1910; Second Sea Lord, 1911; First Sea Lord, 1912-4. 182, 239, 255 n. 46, 261,
264, 299, 311, 362, 384; prepares memorandum on Russian occupation of
Constantinople (1903), 11; advocates withdrawal of Mediterranean Fleet, 98;
refuses to sell ships to Turkey, 141; Rio
de Janeiro of no use to Royal Navy, 181; proposes to threaten Limpus, 186;
orders blockade of Dardanelles, 265; considers situation unsatisfactory, 276;
attends meeting to discuss Dardanelles scheme, 296; sends premature signal, 300;
his position insecure, 327; resignation of, 328; and oil fuel, 431. See
also Director of Naval Intelligence
Batteries
at Dardanelles (Turkish), 21, 330-1, 528
Battery,
Djevad Pasha, 331
Battle
Cruisers: see under individual ships
Battles:
Cape Sarych, 356 n.19; Heligoland Bight, 368; Lemberg, 316; Lule Burgas, 123-4;
Marne, 315; Masurian Lakes, 315, 355 n.3; Tannenberg, 304 n.28, 315, 355 n.3;
Warsaw, 315, 332
Battleships:
see under individual ships
Batum
(Batoum), 6, 353, 480, 497, 521
Bax-Ironside,
Sir Henry George Outram [1859-1929]. British Minister at Berne, 1909-11; at
Sofia, 1911-15. 120-1, 152, 226, 292, 294, 470
Bayazid,
164, 178
Bayly,
Vice-Admiral Sir Lewis [1857-1938]. Commander of the 3rd Battle Squadron,
1913-4; 1st Battle Squadron, 1914-15. 376
Beaconsfield,
see Disraeli
Beatty,
Admiral David [1871-1936]. Naval Secretary to the First Lord, 1912; in command
of the 1st Battle Cruiser Squadron from 1914; C-in-C, Grand Fleet, 1916-19;
First Sea Lord, 1919-27. 393
Beaumont,
Sir Henry [1867-1949]. Counsellor at Athens, 1910-4; Counsellor at
Constantinople, 1914 (Chargé d’Affaires
July-August 1914). 206, 225, 226, 228, 230, 236, 259, 265, 267, 270, 274-8, 280,
283, 320, 451; appointed to Constantinople, 207; urges payment for embargoed
dreadnoughts, 237-8; reports vague and unsatisfactory reply of Grand Vizier,
260; onerous workload, 262; less optimistic, 263; reports ‘sale’ of Goeben and Breslau, 268;
proposes indulgent attitude, 279; sends conflicting telegrams, 281
Beirut
(Beyrout), 98, 106
Belgium,
224, 275, 347
Belgrade,
48-9, 123, 209, 369, 408-9
Bell,
Gertrude, 492 n.53
Benckendorff,
Count Alexander [1849-1917]. Russian Ambassador at London, 1903-17. 45, 97, 204,
258-9, 275, 398, 422, 464, 476; informs Nicolson of secret Treaty, 121;
approaches Grey to urge that Austrian fleet be prevented from entering
Dardanelles, 243; receives telegram that Goeben
is proceeding to Dardanelles, 258
Benedetto
Brin (Italian ship), 91
Berchtold,
Leopold, Count Von [1863-1942]. Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at St. Petersburgh,
1906-11; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1912-15. 122, 195, 209
Beresford,
Admiral Sir Charles William de la Poer [1846-1919]. Conservative MP, 1874-80,
1885-9, 1897-1900, 1902, 1910-6. Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1905-7;
Channel, 1907-9. 19
Berk
(Turkish ship), 322-3
Bertie,
Sir Francis Leveson (since 1915, 1st Baron; 1918, 1st Viscount) [1844-1919].
British Ambassador at Rome, 1903-4; at Paris, 1905-18. And naval demonstration
during Balkan War, 154-6; informed Goeben
might be heading for Dardanelles, 258; reports fears of Turco-German convention,
264; hears that Goeben is a failure,
273 n.58; cynical attitude, 275; fear of Muslim agitation, 336 n.18; horrified
at Russian claims, 464-5; French nervous at possibility of Russia concluding
separate peace, 476; and Greek offer, 478
Besika
Bay, 5, 20, 129, 359-60
Bethmann-Hollweg,
Herr Theobald von [1856-1921]. Prussian Minister of the Interior, 1905-7; German
Minister for the Interior, 1907-9; German Imperial Chancellor, 1909-17. 163-4,
212-3, 217 n.32
Bieberstein,
Marschall von, see Marschall
“Big
Stick Election”, 105, 114-5, 119
Birdwood,
General (later Field-Marshal) William Riddell [1865-1951]. Corps commander,
Australian and New Zealand troops in Egypt. 412
Black,
Sir Frederick William [1863-1930]. Director of Naval Contracts, 1905-15;
managing director, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 1919-23. 428, 433-4, 440, 459
Black
Prince (British cruiser), 280
Black
Sea, 9, 26, 43, 45-7, 99, 108, 137, 181, 245, 268, 274-5, 280, 282-3, 292, 302,
308, 314-5, 335, 348, 354, 365, 464, 495, 497, 500, 523, 520
Black
Sea Fleet (Russian), 8, 11, 25, 35 n.31, 40, 107, 126, 196-8, 214, 252, 258,
281, 301, 321, 334, 346, 397, 511
Blenheim
(British depot ship), 383
Block,
Sir Adam Samuel James [1865-1941]. Chief Dragoman to the British Embassy at
Constantinople, 1894-1903; Representative of the British and Dutch Bondholders
on the Council of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1903; President of the British
Chamber of Commerce from 1907 to 1914. 61, 69, 262-3, 305 n.42, 518
Blockade,
22, 91, 98, 105, 124, 239, 241, 251, 264-5, 307, 403, 533
Blunt,
Wilfred Scawen [1840-1922]. Traveller, politician and writer. 54 n.26, 80, 123
Bogados
(German collier), 243, 250-1, 256 n.75
Bohemia,
39
Bompard,
M. Maurice [1854-1935]. French Ambassador at St Petersburg, 1902-8; at
Constantinople, 1909-14. 94, 97, 238, 281, 285, 324
Bona,
254 .n29
Borkum,
349-51, 360-5, 370, 388
Borneo
(oil), 424
Bosnia,
3, 39-41, 48, 51, 348
Bosnian
crisis, 71
Bosphorus,
7-8, 11, 39, 50, 137, 179, 192-3, 196, 204, 209, 214, 229, 258, 270, 308-9,
322-3, 348, 366, 369, 371, 396, 406, 464, 466, 480, 487, 489, 495, 500, 503-4,
512
“Boxing
Day Memorandum” by Hankey, 347, 387, 415
Boycott,
42, 85, 97, 116, 167, 178
Boyle,
Captain (later Admiral of the Fleet) William Henry Dudley, twelfth Earl of Cork
and Orrery [1873-1967]. Naval Intelligence Department, 1909-11; Naval Attaché,
Rome, 1913-5. 194, 199
Brandenburg
class (German pre-dreadnoughts), 141
Brazil,
133, 140-3, 168, 181-3, 266
Breslau
(German light cruiser, subsequently renamed Midilli),
225, 228, 231, 239-40, 243-52, 260-1, 264, 266, 268-70, 274-80, 282-3, 290, 292,
294, 301, 309-10, 313-4, 322-3, 326, 332-4, 346, 368, 370, 397, 421, 472, 489,
510-1
British
Cabinet, 4, 153, 225, 330, 335, 351-2, 370, 474, 478, 494. See
also War Cabinet
British
Cabinet sub-committee, 22, 60, 381, 401, 406, 504
British
Military Attachés, 23, 134, 162, 178, 190, 194, 226, 230, 237, 294-5, 332, 343,
345. See also Cunliffe-Owen, Maunsell,
Russell
British
Military Mission to Russia, 352
British
Minister to Brazil (Robertson), 183
British
Naval Attachés, 59, 113, 194, 199, 244, 247. See
also Boyle, Dumas, Kerr, Troubridge
British
Naval Missions, 78, 83, 98, 114, 140-1, 167-8, 173 n.31, 180, 184, 246, 268-9,
278, 296, 298, 300. See also: Gamble,
Kerr, Limpus, Williams
British
Navy: see Fleet
Buchanan,
Sir George William [1854-1924]. British Agent and Consul-General in Bulgaria,
1903-9; Ambassador at St Petersburg, 1910-18; at Rome, 1919-21. 126, 353, 397-8,
464, 466, 475-8, 489; warns Sazonov against irresoluteness, 171; Liman crisis,
176, 179; and escape of Goeben and Breslau,
242, 244-5; reports Goeben coaling at
Syra, 258; telegraphs Russian request for assistance (1 January 1915), 352;
informed of Greek offer, 478; receives Russian aide-memoire,
480; and Russian war aims, 482-3, 487; fear that Russia may be tempted to
negotiate a separate peace, 488
Bucharest,
156, 284-5; Treaty of, 156, 162, 207
Buchlau,
39, 43
Budapest,
293-4
Bulair
Lines, 533
Bulgaria,
5-6, 40, 48-52, 63, 70, 79, 109, 119-23, 127, 129, 139, 152, 154, 156-7, 190,
208-10, 214, 224-8, 235-6, 245-6, 252, 258, 268, 283-4, 291, 294-5, 301-2,
307-8, 314-5, 317 n.5, 326, 334, 345, 348, 361, 370, 408-10, 412, 464, 466,
478-9, 482, 489, 494-5, 530-1; Bulgarian attack against Constantinople, 137,
161; against Adrianople, 139; Bulgarian expansion, 151; fear of Bulgarian
intentions, 234, 302, 308, 408, 477; capitulation of (1918), 495. See also Turco-Bulgarian alignment
Bulgarian
Army, 123, 137-9
Bulgarian
entry into war, 339 n.73
Bulgarian
independence, 39, 42
Bülow,
Bernard Count Von (since 1905, Prince) [1849-1929]. German Imperial Chancellor,
1900-09. 73 n.25
Burma
(oil), 424
Burmah
Oil, 424-5, 458
Busrah,
see Basra(h)
Cabinet,
see British Cabinet, Turkish Cabinet
Cagliari,
106
Caillard,
Sir Vincent Henry Penalver [1856-1930]. President, council of administration of
Ottoman Public Debt, 1883-98; served on board of Messrs. Vickers, 1898-1927.
184, 237, 265-6
Cairo,
80, 136, 147, 149, 260, 265, 269, 280, 314, 412, 449, 516
Caliph,
76
Caliphate,
28, 484, 516
Callwell,
Major-General Charles Edward [1859-1928]. Intelligence Branch, War Office,
1887-92. Retired from the Army in 1909 and recalled to the active list in 1914.
Director of Military Operations and Intelligence, 1914-6. 34 n.13, 296, 345,
347, 355 n.12, 488
Cambon,
M. Paul [1843-1924]. French Ambassador at London, 1898-1920. 94, 223-4, 243,
393-4, 403 n.8, 414, 465
Campbell-Bannerman,
Sir Henry [1836-1908]. Liberal MP, 1868-1908; Prime Minister, 5 December 1905-4
April 1908. 21
Canadian
Division, 406
Canal,
Suez, 3, 9, 11, 241, 260, 279-80, 315-6, 334, 351, 395, 399, 407, 523, 533
Canopus
class (British pre-dreadnoughts), 360-1
Cape
Helles, 267, 360, 533
Cape
Malea, 250
Cape
Matapan, 240-7, 260, 292
Cape
Sarych, Battle of, 356 n.19
Cape
Town, 257 n.76
Capitulations,
51, 116, 224, 275, 291, 305 n.42, 315
Carden,
Vice-Admiral Sackville Hamilton [1857-1930]. Admiral Superintendent, Malta,
1912-4; Commander of the Anglo-French Squadrons in the Eastern Mediterranean, 20
September 1914-16 March 1915. 305 n.54, 343-4, 360-6, 368-9, 373 n.13, 376-80,
392, 394, 470, 475-6; appointed to succeed Troubridge, 300-2; and closure of
Straits, 311-2; bombardment of Dardanelles forts (November 1914), 327-30;
receives inquiry from Churchill, 360-2; his cautious reply, 365; instructed to
supply detailed plan, 368; his scheme received in London, 377; and approved,
382; opening barrage, 414
Carnock,
see Nicolson
Carol
I, see Charles I
Carthage
Incident (January 1912), 106
Cartwright,
Sir Fairfax L. [1857-1928]. Councillor of British Embassy at Madrid, 1905-6;
Minister Resident at Munich and Stuttgart, 1906-8; Ambassador at Vienna,
1908-13. 70, 117 n.19
Cassel,
Sir Ernest [1852-1921]. British Financier. 81
Cassel,
162
Cattaro,
381
Caucasia
(Caucasus), 76, 234-5, 308, 321, 352-4, 359, 363, 371, 397, 413-4, 497
Caucasian
Railways, 94, 521
Cavalla,
201, 409-10
Cavalry,
124, 139, 177, 408, 532
Cecil,
Lord Edgar Algernon Robert [1864-1958]. Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Foreign
Affairs, 1915-8; Assistant Secretary of State, Foreign Affairs, 1918-9. 495
Central
Powers, 64, 214-5, 224, 228, 245, 282, 291, 332-3, 421, 487, 489, 520. See also Triple Alliance
Cercle
d’Orient (restaurant), 323
Chamberlain,
Right Hon. Joseph [1836-1914]. Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895-1903.
10-12, 15 n.36, n.39
Chanak
(Tchanak), 5, 266, 274, 345
Channel
Fleet (British), 60
Charles
I, (Carol) King of Roumania, 1881-1914. 321, 333
Chatalja
(Tchatalja), 5, 67, 124-7, 137-8, 162
Chatham
(British light cruiser), 254 n.31
Chesney,
F. R., 9
Chief
of General Staff (German), 207
Chief
of General Staff (Russian), 176, 178
Chief
of Naval General Staff (Russian), 196
Chile,
79
Chilean
Government, 220
China,
42, 186, 510
Chios,
129, 190-1, 200
Cholera,
127
Churchill,
Sir Winston [1874-1965]. President of the Board of Trade, 1908-10; Home
Secretary, 1910-11; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1911-5. 80, 136, 146-7, 186,
198, 222, 224, 283, 286, 292, 294, 297-8, 312-3, 317, 326, 355 n.3, n.12, 356
n.22, 367, 374 n.27, 406-7, 421-3, 465-6, 470, 480-2, 484-5, 488-9, 506, 515; at
German Army manoeuvres, 77; pro-Italian, 86; switches allegiance to Turkey, 86,
92, 96-7; and evacuation of Mediterranean, 111, 113; Naval Mission and supply of
ships to Turkey, 140-2; mollifies Limpus, 180; and purchase of Rio de Janeiro, 181-2; Ottoman Dockyards Concession, 184-5;
embargoes Turkish ships, 219-21; maintains hardline attitude, 237-9; sends
notorious signal to Troubridge, 240; failure of War Staff, 260-1; reaction to
‘sale’ of Goeben and
Breslau, 269-70; sends private appeal to Enver, 276; loses patience, 279,
282; sends new offer to Turks, 290-1; arranges meeting to discuss forcing
Dardanelles, 295-6; proposes Limpus to assume command at Straits, 299;
appointment vetoed by Mallet, 300; and plan for Greek participation, 301-2;
attempts to discredit Mallet, 310-1; criticism of, 327; and sacking of
Battenberg, 328; orders bombardment of Dardanelles (November 1914), 330-2;
search for alternative strategies, 335, 343-5, 347-54; friction with Fisher,
359-62; favours Northern options, 363-4; receives reply from Carden, 365-6;
still favours Northern options, 368-72; converted to Dardanelles strategy,
376-8; argues in favour of Dardanelles at War Council, 379-82; continued
friction with Fisher, 383-9; dispute with the French over Mediterranean command,
392-6; informs Russians, 397; wins over Fisher, 398-403; informs Venizelos, 410;
in dispute with Kitchener over XXIXth Division, 412-5; and oil fuel supply for
Navy, 425-7, 431, 433-4, 440-9, 456, 458-62; and secret negotiations with Turks,
472-3; and Russian misapprehension, 475-7; and question of Greek participation,
478-9
Cilicia,
483
Clemenceau,
M. Georges [1841-1929]. French Minister of the Interior, 1906; Premier and
Minister of the Interior, 1906-9; Premier and Minister of War, 1917-20. 495,
497-501
Clerk,
Sir George R. [1874-1951]. First Secretary at Constantinople, 1910-2; Senior
Clerk at the Foreign Office (Eastern Department), 1913-4. 224, 226, 231, 241,
259, 262, 264, 296, 317; suggests warning Porte not to abandon neutrality, 227;
and Admiralty procrastination, 238; some justification for Turkish grievance,
266; dismissive of Greek offers, 302; and oil concessions, 449
Closure
of Straits, 25, 94, 116 n.13, 124, 163, 204, 313, 422, 487
Codes,
265
Colonial
differences, 12
Colonial
expansion, 484
Colville,
S. C., 337 n.34
Commercial
interests: British, 17, 28-9, 60, 109, 150, 185, 431, 441, 461; German, 9, 17,
47, 194, 426; Russian, 196
Commission
(Turkish), 27
Committee
of Imperial Defence, 11, 17-20, 22, 60, 83, 97, 110, 112, 184, 220, 229, 381,
387, 407, 413, 431, 528. See also
Defence Committee
Committee
of Union and Progress, 27, 39, 50, 66-7, 76, 81, 90-1, 114, 116 n.6, 119, 125-6,
134, 138, 145, 147, 152, 207, 209-10, 234, 315, 505; formed, 24; aims of, 28;
and coup of 1908, 29; anti-Russian, 30; lacks ‘responsible leaders’, 38;
British view of, 60-2; under-estimated, 68; Grey adopts less strident tone
towards, 69; moves headquarters from Salonica to Constantinople, 77; factions
in, 82; and ‘Big Stick Election’, 105; voted from office, 115; plans coup
(1913), 133; unable to govern, 146; new Ministry, 148
Committee
on Asiatic Turkey, 485
Commons,
House of, 3-4; Commons Committee, 444-5
Compensation,
51-2, 98, 130, 165, 220, 230, 238, 290
Concession
for Baghdad Railway, 8-10, 61, 77-8, 84, 518-9
Concession
for Ottoman Dockyard Reconstruction, 167-8, 184
Concessions
for oil, 423-5, 427-8, 432-3, 447-51, 456-8, 483
Condouriotis,
Admiral Paul, Commander-in-Chief, Greek navy, 1914. 247
Conferences
(in chronological order): Constantinople (1877), 4; C.U.P. (Paris, 1902), 24;
Algeciras (1906), 12, 17; proposed Russian conference to settle annexation
crisis (1908/9), 41-4, 47-50; C.I.D. (Malta, 1912), 110; Conference of
Ambassadors [St James’s Conference] (London, 1912-3), 127-9, 136, 154, 156;
Conference between APOC and TPC (June 1913), 448; Russian conferences in wake of
Liman crisis (January and February, 1914), 178-9, 187 n.13, 188 n.14, 196, 202
n.28; Proposed four-Power Mediating Group (July 1914), 212; Turkish conference
to discuss intervention, 307-8; Proposed Russian conference to settle the terms
of peace, 481; Allied Naval Conference, Versailles (October 1918), 497
Confrontation,
8, 86
Congress
of Berlin, 5-6
Congress
of C.U.P., 24, 76, 81
Conservatives,
481
Conspiracy
(C.U.P.), 12, 23
Conspiracy
in Athens, 249, 422, 489
Constantine
[1868-1923]. King of Greece, 1913-17 and 1920-2. 245-6, 255 n.58, 301-2, 409,
477-9, 489, 506
Constitution
(Ottoman), 4, 7, 24, 28-32, 38, 49-51, 62, 66-7, 76, 105. See also Abrogation of Constitution
Convention
of London, 8
Copenhagen,
25
Corbett,
Sir Julian [1854-1922]. Naval historian. 349-50, 387
Corcovado
(German steamer), 268, 274, 281
Corps:
Algerian Army Corps, 239-40; Austrian Automobile Corps, 293; French Army Corps,
465; Greek Army Corps, 478; Fourth Siberian Army Corps, 353; Turkish First Army
Corps, 65-6, 76, 162, 166-8, 171, 176-8, 474; Turkish Third Army, 24, 27, 76;
Turkish Tenth Army Corps, 135
Corruption,
65, 68
Council
of Ministers (Austrian), 208; (Greek), 245, 478; (Ottoman), 29, 61, 109, 193,
310, 320, 517
Counter-revolution,
61, 64-9, 76, 90, 115, 466
Coup
(1908), 24, 29; (1913), 133-7, 147
Court
of Inquiry into Troubridge’s conduct, 299, 421
Court
see Hague
Cowes,
70
Craigforth
(British merchant ship), mined, 233 n.49
Crawford,
Sir Richard Frederick [1863-1919]. Customs Adviser to the Ottoman Government,
1904-11; Adviser to the Ottoman Ministry of Finance, 1911-14. 297
Cressy
(British armoured cruiser), 368
Crete,
39-40, 78-9, 140, 196, 201, 240
Crewe,
Marquess [1858-1945]. Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1908-10; Secretary of
State for India, 1910-15. 282, 359, 380, 445
Crisis:
see, Agadir, Annexation, Bosnian,
Moroccan
Cromer,
1st Earl of (Evelyn Baring) [1841-1917]. British Consul-General and Agent in
Egypt, 1883, 1885-1907. 18-20
Crowe,
Mr. (later Sir) Eyre [1864-1925]. Entered Foreign Office, 1885. Senior Clerk,
British Foreign Office, 1906-12; Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs,
1912-20; Permanent Under-Secretary, 1920-5. 167, 221, 223-4, 229, 231, 241, 259,
279, 282; memorandum on Mediterranean position (May 1912), 109-11; earmarked as
Permanent Under-Secretary, 157; wants to impress Turks, 160; puts firm questions
to Russians, 171; warns Turkey not to deviate from neutrality, 226; does not
object to making last effort, 266; loses patience after removal of Naval
Mission, 278; expects Turkey to enter war, 292
Cunliffe-Owen,
Major Frederick [1868-1946]. Attached to the Greek Army during the Balkan Wars,
1912-3; Military Attaché to Turkey, 1913-4. Lieutenant-Colonel, October 1914.
343, 356 n.14; reports that Turks have ordered general mobilization, 226;
reports mobilization proceeding vigorously, 230; submits appraisal, 294; is
opposed to purely naval operations at Dardanelles, 295, 345;
Customs
dues, 51, 61, 77, 79, 84, 94, 167, 176, 315, 450
Cuxhaven,
382
Cyprus,
5-6, 409, 531
Cyprus
Convention (1878), 155
Cyrenaica,
93, 135
D’Arcy,
William Knox, 423-5, 427-8, 447-52, 457-8
Dalmatia,
366
Damascus,
24
Danube,
400, 406
Daoud
Bey, 237
Dardanelles,
4-5, 8, 11, 18-22, 40, 42, 44, 59, 78, 92, 94, 97-8, 106-7, 109, 114, 122, 129,
163, 169, 183, 192, 201, 213, 227, 229, 239, 241-3, 247, 249-50, 252, 258-60,
263-8, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282-5, 292, 294-7, 299-302, 307-13, 325-8, 330, 332,
334-5, 345, 348, 353-4, 359-63, 365, 368-72, 376-80, 382-8, 392-5, 397, 399,
401-2, 406-8, 410-5, 421, 464-6, 470-80, 488, 494-6, 498-501, 511, 514-5,
528-32, 534. See also Abortive raid on
Dardanelles, Closure of Straits
Dardanelles
Commission, 331, 333, 343-4, 364, 366-7, 396, 487
De
Bon, Admiral, 496, 501
De
Bunsen, Sir Maurice William Ernest [1852-1932]. First Secretary and Chargé d’Affaires at Constantinople, 1897-1902; at Paris, 1902-5;
Minister at Lisbon, 1905-6; Ambassador at Madrid, 1906-13; at Vienna, 1913-14.
483-4
De
Robeck, Admiral Sir John [1862-1928]. Admiral of Patrols, 1912-14; appointed
Carden’s second in command, Dardanelles and assumed command March 1915. 394
Deadlock
on Western Front, 470
Debt,
Ottoman, 3, 61, 116, 518
Decentralisation,
122
Dedeagatch,
325, 471-2
Defence
Committee, 11-2, 20, 25. See also
Committee of Imperial Defence
Defence
of London against airships, 370. See also
Zeppelins
Defensive
alliances, 6, 48-9, 110, 121, 149, 151, 205, 211, 235, 284, 291
Delcassé,
M. Théophile [1852-1923]. French Minister of Foreign Affairs 1898-1905 and
1914-9. 155, 407, 465, 476, 478, 481
Demidov,
Alim Pavlovich, Prince of San Donato, Russian Minister to Athens, 1912-7. 247
Demonstration,
Naval, 85, 107, 129, 154, 178, 191-2, 352, 361-3, 477
Denmark,
347, 349-50
Denusa,
241, 243, 250
Derby,
Lord (Frederick Arthur Stanley) [1841-1908]. Secretary of State for War 1878-80.
4-5
Derby,
Lord (Edward George Villiers Stanley) [1865-1948] British Ambassador in Paris,
1918-20. 498-500
Despotism,
7, 31-2, 38
Deterding,
Henri Wilhelm August [1866-1939]. Director-General of Royal Dutch Petroleum.
432-4, 446, 449, 451, 459, 461
Deutsche
Bank, 9, 133, 142, 427, 429, 432, 445, 449-52, 457, 518-9
Devonport,
201, 214, 219
Dickens,
Commander (later Admiral Sir) Gerald Charles [1879-1962]. Commanded HMS Harpy, 5th destroyer flotilla, 1914. 309
Dillon,
Dr. Emile Joseph [1854-1933]. Philologist, author and journalist. Daily Telegraph correspondent, 1887-1914. 205
Director
of Naval Intelligence (D.N.I.), 11-2, 19, 226, 333, 470, 533-4. See also, Naval Intelligence Department, Battenberg, Hall, Oliver,
Ottley
Disraeli,
3, 6-7
Djavid
Pasha [1875-1926]. Turkish Deputy for Salonica, member of the CUP inner circle.
Minister of Finance, 1909-11, 1912, and from January 1913. 39, 80, 105, 189
n.53, 222, 224, 267-8, 278, 285, 291; failure to secure loan in Paris, 81;
appeals to Churchill in cause of Anglo-Turkish friendship, 96-7; and German
alliance, 215; against intervention, 309-11, 315-6, resignation of, 325
Djemal
Pasha, Ahmed [1872-1922]. Member of the CUP Central Committee. Vali of Adana,
1909; of Baghdad, 1911; Military Governor of Constantinople, 1913; Minister of
Public Works, 1914; Minister of Marine, 1914; commanded the 4th Army in Syria,
1914-7; Minister of Marine, 1917-8; assassinated. 39, 147-8, 151, 159 n.12,
n.39, 160, 183, 186, 189 n.53, 198, 201, 216 n.9, 219, 238, 265-8, 276, 278-9,
281, 285-6, 290-1, 300, 308-9, 314-6, 317 n.9, 319 n.47, 321, 324, 336 n.14-15,
450; pleads for less negative line by British, 190; displays ostensible Entente
credentials, 199; is convinced construction of dreadnoughts is being delayed,
200; allegedly proposes alliance with France, 205; converts to Triple Alliance,
207; reaction to embargo of dreadnoughts, 215; unreasonable attitude, 237;
rebukes Limpus, 277; complains to Mallet, 282; ambivalent attitude, 315; enters
interventionist camp, 316; furious reaction to Souchon’s sortie, 323,
transferred to Syria, 346, escapes Constantinople (1918), 505; assassination of,
506
Djevad
Pasha, 329
Djevad
Pasha Battery, 331
Dodecanese,
109, 113, 115, 119, 180, 190
Dogger
Bank, Battle of (1915), 387-8, 393, 398
Dogger
Bank Incident (1904), 17, 25
Domvile,
Commander Barry, Assistant Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1914. 327
Donetz
(Russian gunboat), 323
Doris
(British light cruiser), 346
Douglas,
Lieutenant E. H., 524
Doyle,
Conan, 67
Dragoman,
23, 28, 38, 64, 68, 79, 137, 145, 158, 160, 204, 206-7, 230, 470, 510. See also Fitzmaurice, Ryan
Dreadnought
(British ship), 17
Dresden
(German cruiser), 345
Dublin
(British light cruiser), 242, 254 n.31, 329
Duma,
51, 197, 475
Dumas,
Captain (later Admiral) Philip Wylie [1868-1948]. Naval Attaché, Germany,
Denmark and Holland, 1906-8; Secretary, Royal Commission on Oil Fuel, 1912-13;
commanded HMS Roxburgh, 1913-14;
Assistant Director of Torpedoes, Admiralty, 1914-17; commanded HMS Agamemnon, 1917-18. 256 n.70, 427, 429-30, 447
Durpak
Reis (Turkish ship), 511
Eady,
George Griffin. Civil engineer who conducted secret talks with Turks, March
1915. 470-3, 475
East
Prussia, 412
Eastern
Front, 315, 353
Edem
Pasha, 4
Edhem
Pasha, Marshal, Turkish Minister of War, 1909. 74 n.36
Edward
VII, 12, 25-6, 55 n.44
Egress
from Straits, 11, 25, 40, 42, 45-6
Egypt,
3, 7, 17-8, 20, 22, 26, 31-2, 39, 79-80, 92-3, 96, 111-2, 146, 149-50, 231, 240,
243, 265, 269, 275, 280, 282, 292, 308, 344, 359, 371, 392, 395, 408, 411-3,
422, 460, 464-5, 473, 476-7, 486, 488, 498, 500, 505, 516, 530-3
El
Arish, 329
Elbe,
350
Election,
see ‘Big Stick’ Election
Elliot,
Sir Francis Edmund Hugh [1851-1940]. British Agent and Consul-General in
Bulgaria 1895-1903; Minister at Athens, 1903-17. 262, 478-9
Elswick,
183
Emden,
350, 368
English
Channel, 112, 224, 368, 393, 406
Enos-Midia
Line, 140, 152, 154, 156, 480
Entente:
Anglo-French, 12, 17, 519; Anglo-Greek, 191; Anglo-Russian, 12, 25, 42, 63, 108,
125; Triple Entente, 64, 70, 94-6, 104, 121, 130, 143, 150-1, 154-5, 157, 162,
166, 169, 176, 179, 186, 197, 205-7, 213, 224, 234, 246, 251-2, 260, 262-3, 285,
291, 295, 309, 314, 321, 324-5, 333-5, 394, 421, 447, 478, 487
Enver
Pasha [1882-1922]. Turkish Military Attaché at Berlin, 1909, 1912, 1913; served
in the Italo-Turkish War, 1912; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1913; Major-General and
Minister of War from 1914; commanded the Turkish Army in the Caucasus, 1914-5;
assassinated. 29, 74 n.39, 76-7, 149, 178, 187 n.4, 193-4, 205-6, 210-1, 213,
224, 227, 229, 262, 266-7, 274-6, 280, 284, 290-2, 294, 303 n.23, 307, 307-16,
320-2, 325, 332-5, 397, 447, 489, 495; revolutionary activities, 27; Military
Attaché, Berlin, 62; leads guerrilla campaign, 93, 104; launches coup, 133-4;
impressions of, 135; takes charge of offensive, 137; retakes Adrianople, 152;
appointed Minister of War, 177; German affiliations, 207; proposes alliance,
209; offers Sultan Osman to Germany,
214; alliance negotiations, 215; pushes for immediate Turkish action, 225;
proposes compact with Russia, 234-6; receives private appeal from Churchill,
282; conference with German officers, 308; undermined by Grand Vizier, 309;
fails to persuade anti-interventionist colleagues, 314; suggests loan from
Berlin, 316; presents Germans with war plans, 321; secret orders to Souchon,
322; takes command of Third Army, December 1914, 353; believes Dardanelles
cannot be forced, 414; escapes from Constantinople (1918), 505; assassination
of, 506
Epirus,
348
Ernest
Simon, SS, 325, 510, 513
Erskine,
Rt Hon. Sir William [1871-1952]. Second son of the 11th Earl of Mar and Kellie.
First Secretary, British Legation, Athens, 1913-17. 230, 245, 248-51, 259
Ertugrul
(Turkish yacht), 197
Erzinjan,
177
Esher,
2nd Viscount (Reginald Baliol Brett) [1852-1930]. Liberal MP 1880-5. A permanent
member of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1905-18. 18, 20-2, 86, 113, 379,
387, 431
Euphrates,
9, 78
Euryalus
(British cruiser), 473
Ewart,
Lt-Gen. Sir John Spencer [1861-1930]. Director of Military Operations, 1906-10.
20
Executive
command exercised by German officers, 164, 170, 230, 278, 280
Expeditionary
Forces: Indian, 338 n.46, 458, 463, 488; Italian, 85, 90; Russian, 196; Turkish,
321
Expeditions:
Alexandretta, 395; Dardanelles, 21-2, 331, 352, 359, 381-2, 392, 401, 413, 478,
514, 528-32; Egypt, 308; Odessa, 307
Explosion,
Fort Seddel Bahr, 329
Export
trade, 25, 400
Exports
from Germany to Turkey, 12
Eydoux,
161
Factions
(C.U.P.), 24, 65, 82, 299, 315
Fairfax,
see Cartwright
Falkenhayn,
General Erich von [1861-1922]. Prussian War Minister, August 1914, Chief of
Staff, German Army from September 1914 to August 1916. 489
Falkland
Islands, 345, 360, 368, 384
Faravelli,
Admiral, 91
Fashoda,
8
Fear
of Muslim agitation, 92, 125, 146, 153, 192, 278, 324, 422, 486, 488
Fear
of Russia negotiating separate peace, 384, 476-7, 488
Fear
of Russian encroachment, 12, 38, 460, 463, 466
Ferdinand
of Bulgaria 1887-1909; HM the King of Bulgaria, 1909-18 [1861-1948]. 284
Ferid
Pasha, Turkish Grand Vizier, 1903-8; Minister of the Interior, 1908-9. 28, 115
Fethi.
On moderate wing of C.U.P. 133, 137
Financiers,
81
First
Army Corps (Turkish), 65-6, 76, 162, 166-8, 171, 176-8, 474
First
Cruiser Squadron (British), 239-42
Fisher,
Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot (later Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fisher of
Kilverstone) [1841-1920]. Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Squadron,
1900-2; Second Sea Lord, 1902; C-in-C, Portsmouth, 1903; First Sea Lord, 1904-10
and October 1914-May 1915. Head of the Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines,
1912-4. Created Baron, 1909. 13 n.9, 26, 86, 92, 343, 345, 347, 356 n.28, 363,
370, 376, 379, 381, 385, 394, 396, 403, 404 n.32, 406, 410-2, 415, 427-9, 431-3,
442, 444, 446-7, 459, 461, 466; against forcing of Dardanelles (1906), 19-20;
influences Churchill, 96-7; and Baltic Scheme, 349-51; supports Hankey’s plan,
359; proposes forcing of Dardanelles (1915), 360-1; attempts to resign, 362;
opposes Churchill’s Borkum Scheme, 364-5; denies knowledge of Churchill’s
telegram to Carden, 368; against Zeebrugge operation, 371; in opposition to
Churchill, 372; changes evidence at Dardanelles Commission, 372 n.2, n.4;
advocates use of Queen Elizabeth, 378;
concerned about North Sea position, 382; turns against Dardanelles operation,
383; relationship with Churchill, 384; opposes Jellicoe’s presence at War
Council, 386; drafts memorandum, 387-9; Churchill attempts to buy off, 398;
meeting with Churchill and Asquith, 399; attempts to leave War Council, 400;
appeased by Churchill, 401; refuses to resign, 402; advocates use of oil, 424;
chairman of Royal Commission on Oil Fuel, 426; issues first report, 430;
believes Turks to be short of ammunition, 472
Fitzmaurice,
Gerald Henry [1865-1939]. Student Interpreter 1888; acting Vice-Consul at Van,
1891-2; at Erzeroum, 1892-3; at Trebizond, 1893; acting Third Dragoman at
British Embassy, Constantinople, 1894-5; Vice-Consul at Smyrna, 1895-6; at Adana,
1896; Third Dragoman, 1897; Consul at Salonica, 1900-1; at the Dardanelles,
1902; Consul at Constantinople, 1905; 2nd Dragoman at Embassy at Constantinople,
1906-7; Chief Dragoman, 1907-12. 33, 50, 67-8, 137, 147, 158, 207; influence
over O’Conor, 23, 28; antagonistic to reforms, 29; anti-C.U.P., 38; warns that
Turks will develop nationalist tendencies, 39; influence over Lowther, 61, 64-5,
79; malign influence, 145; Mallet finds him invaluable, 161; suffers nervous
breakdown, 206; Grey wants in Sofia, 470; possibly required for secret talks
with Turks, 471, 475
Flanders,
335, 348, 354, 369, 379
Fleet:
British Mediterranean Fleet, 5-6, 8, 11, 56 n.61, 98, 30; British Mediterranean
Squadron, 48, 110, 113, 146, 296, 427; French 11, 243, 261, 393; French
Mediterranean Fleet, 8
Formidable
(British pre-dreadnought), 368, 376
Fort
Hamidieh, 91
Fortifications,
8, 123, 127, 137, 169, 192, 274, 480
Forts,
5, 8, 19-21, 91, 106-7, 109, 123, 193, 282-3, 294, 301, 309, 313, 327-9, 331-2,
343-4, 363, 365-7, 376-80, 382, 387, 392, 396-7, 399-400, 411, 465, 471, 473-5,
486, 500, 502-4, 528-9, 531
Foudre
(French ship), 392
France,
8, 11, 18, 26, 80, 83-6, 96, 99, 104, 106, 108-13, 125, 128, 151, 154-5, 157,
167, 176, 178-9, 183, 195, 206, 210-2, 224, 236, 239-41, 243, 258, 260, 263,
276, 278-9, 291, 307, 330, 335, 347-8, 354, 359, 369, 388, 393, 397, 406, 408,
412, 447, 477, 479-80, 482, 484, 487, 498, 500-1, 510, 514-5, 519
Franco-Italian
relations, 106
Franco-Russian
Alliance, 7-8, 11
Franco-Russian
negotiations, 465
Fraser,
Lovat [1871- ].
Editorial Staff of The Times, 1907-22. 514
Freemasons,
23, 65
French,
Field-Marshal Sir John Denton Pinkstone [1852-1925]. Chief of the Imperial
General Staff, 1912-4; Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force,
1914-1915. 26, 361, 368, 370, 376-9, 380, 386-7, 390 n.6, 394, 408, 469 n.39,
515; memorandum on Turco-German invasion of Egypt, 17; German influence in
Turkey, 19; unwilling to spare troops, 354, 376, 465
French
Cabinet, 407, 465
French
Fleet, 11, 243, 261, 393
French
Naval Attaché, 181, 225, 369, 392
Friedericke
(schooner), 323
Fuad,
Ali, 24, 62
Fusion
Agreement (19 March 1914), 451
Fusion
scheme (Euphrates), 78, 435 n.21. See also
Lynch
Gairet,
Ghairet (Turkish ship), 323, 512
Galata,
67
Galicia,
371, 426, 432
Gallipoli,
5, 133, 137, 295, 302, 343, 345, 351, 354, 360, 366, 379, 392, 407, 409, 413,
495-8, 500
Gallipoli
peninsula, 20-2, 294, 301, 344, 359, 376, 378, 381, 411, 422, 477, 488, 528-34
Gamble,
Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Douglas Austin [1856-1934]. Naval Adviser to
Turkish Government, 1909-10; commander, 6th Cruiser Squadron, 1910-4; 4th Battle
Squadron, 1914-5; Admiralty War Staff, 1915-17. 59-60, 78-9, 82-3, 140
Gauchet,
Vice-Amiral Dominique Marie [1857-1931]. Directeur, Service des Travaux, 1914;
commanded French Squadron at the Dardanelles, 1915-16; nominal Allied C-in-C,
Mediterranean, 1916-19. 496, 501-4
Gaza,
329
Gendarmerie
(Macedonian), 23
General
(German East-Africa Line steamer), 274
Gennadius,
John [1844-1932]. Greek Minister to London, 1910-8. 92, 231, 296
George,
David Lloyd [1863-1945]. Liberal MP, 1890-1931. Chancellor of the Exchequer,
1908-15; Minister of Munitions, 1915-16; Prime Minister & First Lord of the
Treasury, 1916-22. 335, 359, 389, 411; blames Churchill for war with Turkey,
331-4; search for alternative strategy, 347, 351-2; opposition to his plan,
370-1; unconvinced by Dardanelles scheme, 379-80; pro-Serb, 394; sanctions naval
expenditure, 401, 406; in favour of sending troops following opening
bombardment, 414; and Greek offer and Russia veto, 478-9, 481; and Anglo-French
discord over Turkish surrender, 494-501, 504
George
V, 162, 422
German
Admiralty Staff, 239
German
economic penetration, 8, 12, 518
German
influence, 18, 25, 60, 70-1, 128, 146, 180, 285, 291, 427-8, 430, 433
German
Military Mission, 123, 161-2, 178, 180, 195, 207, 212, 215, 226, 235, 238, 266,
334, 509
German
War Ministry (Kriegministerium), 178
Gerrymandering,
105
Ghazi
Ahmed Mukhtar, Pasha [1839-1918]. President of the Turkish Senate, 1911; Grand
Vizier, July-October 1912. 113 n.11, 114-5, 125
Gibraltar,
43, 201, 239, 378
Giers,
M. Michael Nikolaevich de [1856-1924]. Russian Minister at Bucharest, 1902-12;
Ambassador at Constantinople, 1912-4; at Rome, 1915-7. 109, 163, 169, 199,
235-6, 274-5, 321, 324-5
Giolitti,
117 n.29
Girouard,
Edouard Percy Cranwill [1867-1932]. Director of Armstrong, Whitworth &
Co.1912; Director-General of Munitions Supply, 1915-7. 221
Gladstone,
William Ewart [1809-98]. Liberal Prime Minister. 4-5
Gloucester
(British light cruiser), 240, 246, 254 n.31, 510
Goeben
(subsequently renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim),
214, 222, 225, 227-8, 231, 239-40, 242-52, 258-61, 263-4, 266, 268-70, 274-83,
285, 290, 292, 294-6, 299, 301, 307, 309-10, 313-5, 320, 322-3, 326-7, 330,
332-5, 343, 346, 368-70, 375 n.45-7, 376-7, 380, 383, 397, 421, 471-2, 489, 495,
510-1, 516
Gold,
shipments of (from Germany), 292-4, 316-7, 321, 323
Gold,
removed from Constantinople, 414
Golden
Horn, 59, 66, 184, 200, 204, 251, 279-80, 324, 381, 529
Goltz,
General Colmar von der [1843-1916]. German general on loan to reorganize the
Ottoman Army, 1883-95, 1908-11; Commander, 1st Turkish Army, Mesopotamia, April
1915-April 1916. 33 n.6, 59, 72 n.3, 78, 80, 123, 161-3, 166, 170-1, 175 n.48,
193
Goschen,
Sir William Edward [1847-1924]. British Ambassador at Vienna, 1905-8; at Berlin,
1908-14. 82, 89, 110, 149, 171, 174 n.45, 176-7
Gough-Calthorpe,
Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Arthur [1864-1937]. Commanded 2nd
Cruiser Squadron, 1914-16; Second Sea Lord, 1916; C-in-C, Mediterranean,
1917-19. 494, 499-505
Grain,
124, 163, 425
Grand
Fleet (British), 350, 363, 399
Grand
Rabbi, 471
Grasshopper
(British destroyer), 301, 307, 312
Greece,
8-9, 39-40, 48-9, 79, 92, 119, 121-3, 127, 130, 139, 141, 143, 153, 157, 181-3,
190-2, 194, 198-9, 201, 204-7, 209-10, 213-4, 224, 226, 230, 234-6, 245-7,
249-52, 260, 268, 284-5, 296-8, 301-2, 308, 326, 334, 343, 348, 352, 361, 370,
408-10, 413, 421, 465, 475, 477-9, 483-4, 489, 514
Greek
Fleet, 123-4, 141, 247-8, 478
Greek
General Staff, 301-2, 478
Greek
Navy, 199, 242, 246-7, 249, 298, 334
Greek
participation in the War: see Offers
of Greek assistance
Greene,
Sir William Graham [1857-1950]. Principal Clerk, Admiralty, 1902-7; Assistant
Secretary, 1907-11; Permanent Secretary, 1911-7. 358 n.52
Greenway,
Sir Charles [1857- ].
Chairman of Anglo-Persian Oil Company. 428-30, 432, 440-1, 448-51, 462; evidence
to Royal Commission, 437 n.41
Grey,
Sir Edward (since 1916, Viscount) [1862-1933]. Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, 11 December 1905 — 11 December 1916. 19, 23, 25-6, 28, 31, 37 n.75,
38, 48-9, 51-2, 60-4, 71, 77, 80, 82, 108, 115, 120-1, 124, 126, 128-9, 146-7,
151-2, 160-1, 190-2, 199, 201, 224-6, 230-1, 238, 261-2, 267, 276-8, 295-6,
298-300, 304 n.28, 308, 310, 314, 316-7, 320, 325-6, 330, 352-3, 359, 378,
393-8, 400, 410, 414, 422-3, 463-6, 515, 518-9; Anglo-Russian relations, 12;
Anglo-French military conversations, 17; pro-Turkish not anti-Russian, 30; fears
constitutional clamour, 32; annexation crisis, 40; and Straits question, 41-7;
advocates less strident line towards Turkey, 68-70; Baghdad Railway, 84; and
Turco-Italian war, 85-6, 92, 96; rebuffs Turkish overtures, 97; and Tcharykov
intrigue, 98-99, 104; and closure of Straits, 109; and evacuation of
Mediterranean, 110; shuns Kiamil, 125; St James’s Conference, 127; and Treaty
of London, 139-40; decides upon change at Constantinople, 145; and Second Balkan
War, 154-7; and Liman crisis, 165-71, 176, 178, 180; and purchase of Rio
de Janeiro, 181-2; and Greco-Turkish confrontation, 204-5; agrees to Mallet
going on leave, 206; suggests mediating group, 212; and embargo of Turkish
ships, 221, 223; reassures Turks, 228; anomalous position of Austria, 243;
assurance received by Venizelos, 249; informed Goeben
heading for Dardanelles, 258; and ‘sale’ of Goeben
and Breslau, 269-70; complains of
Turkish actions, 274-5; attempts to maintain Turkish neutrality, 279-86, 290,
292; patience wears thin, 311-3; fear of Muslim agitation, 324; supports action
against Dardanelles, 400; proposes to offer Cyprus to Greece, 409; oil fuel
supply for Navy, 430, 450, 452, 457-8, 460; wants Fitzmaurice on the spot, 470;
and Russian claims, 475-7; Russian veto of Greek aid, 478-9; war aims and
territorial desiderata, 480-9
Grierson,
Major-Gen. Sir James Moncrieff [1859-1914]. Director of Military Operations,
1904-6. 20
Guerrilla
campaign, 27, 93
Guéshov,
M. Ivan E. Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Bulgaria. 120
Guildhall,
126
Gulf
of Alexandretta, 346
Gulf
of Ismid, 167, 480
Hafies
(Palace spies), 65
Hafiz
Hakki, 280, 321
Hague
Arbitration Court, 106
Hague
Convention (1907), 346
Hague
Tribunal, 279
Haidar-Pashar
(Haydar Pasha), 89 n.35, 518
Hakki,
Pasha [1863-1918]. Turkish Minister of the Interior and of Public Instruction,
1908-9; Ambassador to Rome, 1909-10; Grand Vizier, January 1910-September 1911;
conducted negotiations with the British Government regarding Mesopotamia and the
Persian Gulf, 1913-14. 78, 90, 115, 156, 447, 450
Haldane,
Richard Burdon (since 1911, 1st Viscount) [1856-1928]. Liberal MP, 1885-1911.
Secretary of State for War, 1905-12; Lord Chancellor, 1912-5. 20-1, 44, 220,
261, 327, 483
Halil,
Pasha, Chairman of the Turkish Chamber of Deputies. 79, 209-10, 215, 272 n.46,
450; presents forthright appraisal to Block, 262-3; and arrival of Goeben, 267; in Bucharest for talks, 284; order to suspend
negotiations, 285; converts to interventionist camp, 316; begins to waver and
suggestion he travel to London for talks, 321
Halim,
Pasha, Mehmed Saïd [1863-1921]. President of the Council of State, 1912;
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Grand Vizier, 1913-17. 169, 224, 239, 262-3,
265, 267, 283, 285, 310, 313, 470, 509; British Embassy appraisal of, 148; to
approach Austrian Ambassador for alliance, 209; and alliance negotiations,
210-1, 213-5; holds out for greater concessions, 225, 227-8; irritation at
embargo of ships, 230, 259; wary of Bulgaria, 234; gives ‘vague and
unsatisfactory’ reply, 260; wishes to delay entry into war, 268; tries to stop
Enver, 308-9; and closure of Straits, 312; continues to temporize, 315; is
marginalized, 316; bypassed by Enver, 320; resigns and is pressured to
reconsider, 324-5
Hall,
Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) William Reginald [1870-1943]. Director of the
Intelligence Division at the Admiralty, 1914-8. 333, 470-2, 492 n.53
Hamidieh
(Turkish ship), 183, 322-3
Hamilton,
General Sir Ian Standish Monteith [1853-1947]. Adjutant-General, 1909-10; GOC-in-C,
Mediterranean command, 1910-14; appointed to command Anglo-French army,
Dardanelles, 1915. 77
Hanbury-Williams,
General Sir John [1859-1946]. Chief of the British Military Mission, Russian
Army in the Field, 1914-7. 352-4, 397
Hankey,
Maurice Pascal Alers (later 1st Baron Hankey) [1877-1963]. Entered Royal Marine
Artillery, 1895; Captain, 1899. Naval Intelligence Department, 1902-7; Assistant
Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1908-12; Secretary,
C.I.D.1912-38; of the War Council, November 1914-May 1915; of the Dardanelles
Committee, May-November 1915; of the Cabinet War Committee, December
1915-December 1916; of the War Cabinet, 1916-8. Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal
Marines, 1914. 110, 350-2, 361, 363, 365, 370-1, 383, 388, 392, 399, 401-2, 406,
408, 410, 413, 415 n.10, 417 n.35, 466, 472, 475, 477, 494-5; Boxing Day
memorandum, 347-8; gains Fisher as adherent, 359; describes War Council, 379-80;
aware of Fisher’s unease, 384-6; assists Fisher to compose memorandum, 387;
admits Churchill’s position is not secure, 403; develops misgivings, 407;
attempts to involve troops, 411; achieves his aim, 415
Hapsburg
Empire, 487
Harcourt,
Lewis [1863-1922]. Secretary of State for Colonies, 1910-15. 187 n.2, 492 n.55
Hardinge,
Sir Charles (since 1910, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst) [1858-1944]. Assistant
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1903-4; Ambassador at St.
Petersburg, 1904-6; Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
1906-10; Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1910-6; Ambassador at Paris,
1920-2. 20, 27, 42, 49, 60-2, 64, 67, 69, 71, 77, 80, 83-4, 93-4, 108, 125-6,
128, 157, 192, 435 n.13, 445, 464, 482, 484; meeting with Isvolsky, 26;
recommends Lowther for Constantinople, 28; hopes damage will be inflicted upon
German position, 30; and proposes Straits agreement, 45; ‘Turks are like
children’, 48; and annexation crisis, 50; rebuffs alliance approach from
Turkey, 59; castigates Liberal policy, 63; adopts strident tone, 68; in favour
of Balkan bloc, 70; appointed Viceroy, 79; is more conciliatory, 92; against
military occupation of oil fields, 462; visits Abadan, 463
Hardinge
(British ship), 524
Harpy
(British destroyer), 309, 329
Headquarters
of C.U.P., 27-8, 77
Heligoland,
350
Heligoland,
Battle of, 368
Helles,
Cape, 267, 360, 533
Herbert,
Aubrey, 23, 25, 38, 68, 135, 137, 506
Herzegovina,
3, 39-41, 51, 348. See also Bosnia
Hikmet
Bey, Reshad, 501
Hilmi
Pasha, see Hussein Hilmi Pasha
Hindenburg,
Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorf und von [1847-1934]. Retired 1911 but
recalled 1914 to Eastern Front. 489
Hogue
(British cruiser), 368
Hohenzollern
(German yacht), 211
Holbrook,
Lieutenant Norman, VC. Commanded submarine at Dardanelles, 1914. 345-6
Holland,
347, 371, 382, 433
Holland,
Naval Instructor Horace Herbert, 305 n.52
Holmes,
Sherlock, 67
Holy
War (Jihad), 214, 275, 321, 488
Honorary
Attachés, 23, 424
Hopwood,
Sir Francis John Stephens [1860-1947]. Additional Civil Lord, Admiralty, 1912-7.
426, 440, 452 n.4, 460-1
Hornby,
Admiral Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps [1825-95]. Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean,
1877-80. 5-6, 13 n.9, 19
Humann,
Korvettenkapitän Hans, Son of a noted archaeologist. Commander of the German
Naval base (Etappenkommando),
Constantinople, 1914. Formerly commander of Loreley,
the German stationnaire at the Porte.
177, 294, 303 n.22, 322, 336 n.9
Hungary,
see Austria
Hussar
(British yacht), 300
Ibrahim
Pasha, Vali of Tripoli. 84
Idaho
(American battleship), 205
Imogene
(British stationnaire), 194
Imperial
Treasury (Ottoman), 213, 237-8, 311, 314
Imperiali.
Italian Ambassador in London. 90, 92, 97, 109
Indefatigable
(British battle cruiser), 113, 239, 299, 359, 383
India,
3, 7, 9, 11-2, 17, 31, 79-80, 83, 92, 96, 104, 108, 125, 146, 150, 153, 155,
157, 275, 278, 282, 422, 430, 440-1, 443-5, 460, 462-4, 484-6, 488, 505, 516
India
Office, 460
Indian
colonization, 485-6
Indian
Expeditionary Force, 338 n.46, 458, 463
Indian
Frontier, 26, 463
Indian
Government, 10, 429, 440, 444-5, 460
Indian
Ocean, 432
Indian
Railways, 440-1, 444
Indian
troops, 5, 279, 359, 361, 441, 462-3
Indian
War Office, 22
Indomitable
(British battle cruiser), 113, 239, 242, 280
Inflexible
(British battle cruiser), 113, 201, 204, 240, 275, 383
Inspector-General
(Macedonia), 28
Inspector-General
(Turkish forces), 76, 166, 171, 176-7
Insurrection,
28
Intellectuals,
76
Intelligence,
military, 20, 22; see also Director of
Naval Intelligence, Naval Intelligence Department, Battenberg, Hall, Oliver,
Ottley
Intelligence
Officer, Malta, 248-9
Intelligence
reports, 23, 152, 196, 221, 226, 228, 243-5, 247-9, 251, 259-60, 292, 301-2,
313, 346, 351, 376, 395, 523
Interception
of German signals, 363, 369, 387, 472
Internal
combustion engine battleship, 427, 430-1
Internal
reform, 4, 18, 42, 63, 146
Intervention:
foreign intervention in Turkey, 24, 31, 66, 137; British intervention in Turkey,
31, 38, 83, 86, 91, 93, 96, 178; Russian intervention in Turkey, 153, 170, 212;
British intervention in War (August 1914), 224-5; Turkish intervention in War,
315-6, 321, 324, 332
Invasion:
by Italy, 109; by Turkey of Caucasus, 353; by Turkey of Egypt, 17, 532-3
Invincible
(British battle cruiser), 113
Irreligious
(C.U.P. perceived as), 65
Islam,
31, 81-2, 96, 123, 153, 158, 516
Islamic
revolution, 506
Islamism,
see Pan-islamism
Islands
question, 127, 129-30, 140, 181, 190-2, 196, 198, 200, 234, 268, 284, 334, 348
Isle
of Hastings (British merchant ship), 254 n.29
Ismid,
Gulf of, 167-8, 480
Isset,
Ferik Pasha, 137
Isvolsky,
M. Alexander [1856-1919]. Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1906-10;
Ambassador at Paris, 1910-7. 30, 53 n.14-15, 94, 99-100, 126-7, 198, 506;
fixation with Straits, 25-6; annexation crisis and Straits proposal, 39-48;
plans to renounce War Indemnity, 51; embittered, 70-1; appointed Ambassador to
Paris, 81; in conversation with Ponceau, 252, 421
Italian
attack at Dardanelles, 107
Italian
Fleet, 85, 106, 109, 113-4, 182
Italian
massacre of Arabs, 97
Italian
occupation of Dodecanese, 180
Italian
ultimatum to Turkey, 90
Italy,
6, 18, 50, 85-6, 90-7, 99, 105-9, 111, 113, 116, 123, 130, 147, 150, 181-3, 190,
192, 195, 198, 205, 208, 212, 214, 224, 229, 307, 352, 370, 381, 484, 487, 500,
510, 532
Izzet
Pasha, General, 187 n.5, 197, 498-9, 505
Jackson,
Admiral Sir Henry Brawardine [1855-1929]. Commanded RN War College, 1911-13;
Chief of Admiralty War Staff, 1913; was destined to replace Milne as C-in-C,
Medt.1914, but appointment rescinded; First Sea Lord, May 1915-December 1916;
President, RN College, Greenwich, 1916-19. 365-9, 376, 381-2, 390 n.23, 469
n.39; appointed to command Mediterranean Squadron (subsequently rescinded), 222;
supposedly in favour of Dardanelles scheme in conversation with Churchill, 365;
his written appraisal more cautious, 366-7; concurs with Carden’s plan, 382;
advises that Mesopotamia should be occupied, 483
Jaffa,
395
Jagow,
Gottlieb von [1863-1935]. German Foreign Secretary, 1913-6. 171, 176-7, 192,
194-5, 208, 211, 227
James,
R. R., 361
Janeiro,
Rio de, see Rio de Janeiro
Janina,
124, 138-9
Japan,
12, 17, 59, 261, 276, 487
Jellicoe,
Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir John Rushworth [1859-1935]. Second Sea
Lord, 1912-14; Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, 1914-6; First Sea Lord,
1916-7. Created Viscount, 1918; 1st Earl, 1925. 384, 387, 391 n.36, 402, 403
n.17; cautious attitude, 349; opposes mining scheme, 350; Grand Fleet to be
rested, 363, sends dire warnings, 382; his temporary depression, 383; Asquith
desires his attendance at War Council, 385; Fisher and Churchill oppose his
attendance, 386; Churchill blames his reluctance to conduct offensive
operations, 388; and Battle of Dogger Bank, 398
Jihad,
see Holy War
Joffre,
General Joseph Jacques Césaire [1852-1931]. Chief of French General Staff,
1911; C-in-C, French Armies in north and north-east, 1914; C-in-C of French
Armies in the west, 1915-16. 394-5, 407-8, 465, 514-5
Kaiser,
see Wilhelm
Kars,
353
Kelly,
Captain (later Admiral Sir) William A. Howard [1873-1952]. Commanded HMS Gloucester, 1914-16; liaison officer at French Ministry of Marine,
1916-17. 240-1
Kemal,
Mustafa [1881-1938]. Turkish soldier and statesman. 24-5, 62, 66, 76, 93, 104,
114, 133, 137, 148, 506
Kennedy,
Captain Francis, Commanded HMS Indomitable,
1914. 280, 282-3
Kephez
Point, 377
Kerr,
Philip Henry (later 11th Marquess of Lothian) [1882-1940]. Secretary to Lloyd
George, 1916-21. 174 n.31, 498
Kerr,
Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Mark Edward Frederic [1864-1944]. Naval Attaché,
Italy, Austria, Turkey and Greece, 1903-4. Head of the British Naval Mission to
Greece and Commander-in-Chief of the Greek Navy, 1913-5; first flag officer to
qualify as a pilot, 1914; Commander-in-Chief of the British Squadron in the
Adriatic, 1916-7; Major-General, Royal Air Force, 1918; Deputy Chief of the Air
Staff, 1918. 180, 258, 298, 417 n.37, 422, 489; impressions of Turkish Fleet
(1904), 59; appointed to head Naval Mission to Greece, 141; his part in the
escape of Goeben and Breslau, 242-3, 245-9, 251-2; instructed to develop Dardanelles plan
by Churchill, 296; develops plan but sends discouraging cable, 301-2, 343
Kertch
Straits, 323
Khalifate,
see Caliphate
Khedive
of Egypt, 3, 32, 93, 149
Kiamil
Pasha [1832-1913]. Turkish Grand Vizier, 1885-91, 1895; Vali of Smyrna,
1895-1906; Grand Vizier, August 1908-February 1909, October 1912-January 1913.
51-2, 65, 68-9, 95, 114; appointed Grand Vizier (1908), 38; anglophile tendency,
47; annexation crisis, 48-9; resigns (February 1909), 61; refuses to accept post
of Grand Vizier, 90; included in Cabinet, 115; re-appointed Grand Vizier and
sends appeal to London, 125-6; 1913 coup and forced to reign, 133-4; exiled to
Cairo, 136, plans coup, 147; arrested and deported, 148
Kiazim
Bey, Colonel, 322
Kiderlen-Waechter,
Herr von. German Minister at Bucharest, 1899-1910; Attached to German Foreign
Office, 1908-9; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1910-2. 83, 99, 127-8
Kiel
Canal, 350
Kilometric
guarantee, 61, 519
King
Edward class pre-dreadnoughts, 136
Kirk
Kilisse, 123
Kitchener,
General Sir Herbert (later Earl Kitchener) [1850-1916]. Sirdar of the Egyptian
Army [1892-9; Commander-in-Chief, India, 1902-9; Agent and Consul-General at
Cairo, 1911-4; Secretary of State for War, 1914-6. 80, 92, 100 n.5, 147, 295-6,
347, 355 n.12, 359, 361-3, 366, 372, 379-81, 384, 390 n.5-6, 394-5, 401-2,
407-8, 410, 460, 465-6, 481, 484, 488, 515; opposes denuding Mediterranean
Squadron, 113; insists Turkey be kept neutral, 279; wants to avoid Muslim
agitation, 282; becomes aware of Russian request for help, 353; advocates
demonstration at Dardanelles, 354; opposes Serbian operation, 370; and
Alexandretta scheme, 371; on ‘sugary terms’ with Churchill, 376; intercepts
Fisher at War Council, 400; wants troops held in reserve, 406; has second
thoughts, 412; refuses to send XXIXth Division, 414; relents, 415
Kochana,
121
Kokovstov.
Russian Prime Minister. 163-4, 178
Konia,
89 n.35, 417 n.38, 519
Konigsberg
(German cruiser), 345
Koran,
516
Koweit,
9-10, 77, 84
Kressenstein,
Kress von, 266-7, 280
Kriegministerium,
see German War Ministry
Krupps,
107, 327, 331
Kühlmann,
Herr Richard von [1873-1949]. Councillor of German Embassy at London, 1908-14;
on missions to Turkey and Scandinavia, 1915-7; Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, 1917-8. 315-6
Kum
Kale, 107
Kuwait,
see Koweit
Lack
of common policy between Germany and Austria-Hungary, 217 n.35
Lansdowne,
The 5th Marquess of, [1845-1927]. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 12
November 1900 – 11 December 1905. 10, 12, 25, 481
Larken,
Captain (later Admiral Sir) Frank [1875-1953]. Commanded HMS Doris in Eastern Mediterranean, 1914-16. 346, 358 n.53
Lascelles,
Sir Frank Cavendish [1841-1920]. British Ambassador at Berlin, 1895-1908. 88
n.19
Latakia,
395
Lausanne,
38, 115-6, 123
Law,
Andrew Bonar [1858-1923]. Conservative MP, 1900-10, 1911-23. Leader of the
Opposition from 1911. 389, 481, 491 n.46
Lawrence,
T. E., 303 n.23
Layard,
Sir Austen Henry [1817-94]. English archaeologist and politician; Ambassador in
Constantinople, 1877-80. 6
Le
Page, Engineer Lieutenant [1883-
]. A member of the Naval Mission to Turkey, 1911-4; served in European
War, 1914-8. 300-1, 323
Lebanon,
39
Lemberg,
Battle of, 316
Leontiev,
General. Russian Military Attaché, Constantinople. 234-6
Lesseps,
Ferdinand de, 9
Levant,
241-2, 395, 411
Levant
Herald, 69
Leveson,
Rear-Admiral Arthur Cavenagh [1868-1929]. Director of the Operations Division,
Admiralty, 1914-15. 240
Liberal
administration (British), 12, 17, 19, 23, 28, 63
Liberal
Union (Turkey), 66, 105, 114, 147-8
Libya,
62, 115
Lichnowsky,
Prince Karl Max [1860-1928]. German Ambassador, London, 1912-4. 132 n.37; and St
James’s Conference, 128; and proposed naval demonstration, 129, 154; and fate
of Adrianople, 156; and Liman crisis, 170-1, 176; Grey proposes mediating group
to, 212; delivers emotional appeal to Asquith, 224; lodges protest at Porte
regarding oil concession, 449
Liége,
344
Lily
Rickmers (German ship), 345
Liman
von Sanders, General (later Field Marshal) Otto [1855-1929]. Head of the German
Military Mission to Turkey, 1913-4; Inspector-General of Turkish Army, 1914;
commanded Turkish 5th Army at Gallipoli, 1915-6. 165, 167-71, 173 n.13, 174
n.48, 179-80, 185-6, 187 n.4, 190, 194, 208, 213, 230, 236, 274, 292, 307, 310,
320, 324, 334; appointed to head Military Mission, 161-2; to adopt more active rôle,
163; Russian reaction, 164; his position analogous to Limpus’, 166; command
modified, 176; friction with Enver, 177; places special emphasis on
fortification of Straits, 178; exceeds his remit, 192; offends diplomatic
community, 193; meeting with Enver and Wangenheim, 1 August, 215; wants to
declare war on Russia immediately, 225; advocates landing troops on Black Sea
coast, 280; opposes Turkish attack on Suez Canal, 308
Limpus,
Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Sir Arthur [1862-1931]. British Naval Adviser to
the Turkish Government, 1912-4; Admiral-Superintendent, Malta, 1914-6. 105, 114,
137, 161, 180-1, 187 n.2, 190, 201, 279-81, 288 n.42, n.52, 294, 298, 323, 335,
343, 362, 470; appointed, 83, 140; warns of German influence, 141; advocates
selling old ships to Turkey, 142; comparison with Liman during crisis over
German Military Mission, 165-70; assists in obtaining Ottoman Docks Concession,
184-5; persuaded to stay on, 186; plans to meet Sultan
Osman in Aegean, 219; anxious to be recalled (August 1914), 237-8; his
position unclear, 276; rebuked by Djemal, 277; withdrawn from Turkish Fleet,
278; delivers appeals to Enver, 282, 290-1; appointed to succeed Troubridge,
299; appointment vetoed by Mallet, 300; departs Constantinople, 301; opposes
naval bombardment (November 1914), 329
Livadia,
197-8, 203 n.31
Lloyd,
George Ambrose (later 1st Baron) [1879-1941]. Honorary Attaché, Constantinople,
1905-7. 23
Loans
to Turkey, 42-4, 49, 81, 83, 195, 213, 316, 518-9
Lord
Nelson (British battleship), 495
Lorelei
(Loreley) (German stationnaire,
Constantinople), 274
Lowther,
Sir G. A. [1858-1916]. British Minister at Tangier, 1905-8; Ambassador at
Constantinople, 1908-13. 28-9, 31-3, 44, 47, 49, 52, 65-7, 69, 71, 77, 78, 92,
105, 109, 119, 124-6, 130, 133, 137, 139, 147, 149, 158, 160, 168-9, 181, 206,
428, 432, 448, 506; arrives Constantinople, 30; influenced by Fitzmaurice, 38,
79-80; anti-CUP, 50; antagonistic attitude, 59-62; his qualities, 64; Grey
critical of his attitude, 68; and pan-Islamism, 81; and German naval influence,
82; poor opinion of Admiral Williams, 83; and Tcharykov intrigue, 94-5, 97,
99-100; his view of Said Halim, 98; aware of secret Bulgaro-Serb treaty, 121;
his disappointing tenure, 128; opposes naval demonstration, 129; and German
influence, 134; grows weary, 138; warns that Turks are trying to buy
dreadnoughts, 140-3; Grey decides to replace, 145-6
Lucerne,
96
Ludendorff,
General Erich [1865-1937]. Transferred to Eastern Front August 1914; German Army
Quartermaster from August 1916. 490
Lule
Burgas, Battle of, 123-4, 152
Lynch,
H. F. B. [1862-1913]. Partner in the Euphrates Steam Navigation Company. 78, 435
n.21
Lyttelton,
Hon. Sir Neville, General, Chief of the General Staff, War Office, 1904-8. 34
n.13
Macaroni,
91
Macedonia,
11, 24-5, 27-9, 39, 62, 70, 119-125, 151-2, 190, 199, 409, 500
Macedonian
agitation, 119, 121
Macedonian
reform, 26, 29
Macleay,
Mr J. W. R.2nd Secretary at the British Embassy, Constantinople, 1905-7; Chargé
d’Affaires at Belgrade, 1907. 516
Madelung,
Corvette-Cpt. R., 512
Mahmud
Mukhtar Pasha, Turkish Commander of 1st Army Corps, 1909. 70, 177
Mahomedan,
Mahometan, Mahommedan: see Mohammeddan
Maize,
124
Majestic
class (British pre-dreadnoughts), 360-1
Malaya
(British super-dreadnought), 223
Malcontents,
66
Malea,
Cape, 250
Mallet,
Sir Louis du Pan [1864-1936]. Assistant Clerk, British Foreign Office, 1902-5;
Private Secretary to Sir Edward Grey, 1905-6; Senior Clerk, 1906-7; Assistant
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1907-13; Ambassador at
Constantinople, 1913-14. 64, 93, 149, 157-8, 161, 165-6, 172 n.1, 185-6, 191-2,
197-8, 204, 207, 222, 262, 277, 280, 282, 284-5, 290, 292, 295, 297-8, 301,
308-9, 311, 314-5, 317, 326, 333, 343, 362, 421-2, 432, 449-52, 470, 473, 506;
anti-Turkish attitude, 92; arrives Constantinople, 160; attempts to defuse Liman
crisis, 167-8; adopts moderate attitude, 169; reports purchase of Rio
de Janeiro, 182-4; advocates tolerant line on Islands question, 190; meeting
with Djemal, 199-200; goes on leave, 206; returns to Constantinople, 281; hopes
to save situation, 283; convinced of Djemal’s sincerity, 286; sees
improvement, 291; upsets Churchill, 299; vetoes Limpus’ appointment, 300;
rebukes Grand Vizier, 310; and closure of Straits, 312; advocates removal of
British Fleet, 313; suspects Turkish intentions, 316; stakes all on Said Halim,
320; and plot to murder, 321; final interview with Grand Vizier, 324; departs,
325
Malta,
5, 21, 240, 242, 244-6, 248-51, 261, 300-1, 325, 329, 411, 494, 531
Manouba
incident (January 1912), 106
Margerie,
Pierre de. Director of Political and Commercial Affairs, Quai d’Orsay. 205,
216 n.9
Marginalia
by Kaiser Wilhelm, 169
Maritime
communications, 112
Maritime
supremacy, 17, 431-2
Maritime
trade, 98, 197
Maritza,
136-7, 157, 495
Marling,
Mr (later Sir) Charles M. [1862-1933]. Councillor of British Embassy at Tehran,
1906-8; Councillor and Chargé
d’Affaires at Constantinople, 1908-13. 115, 158, 207, 428
Marmora,
Sea of, 5-6, 268, 274, 277, 294, 296, 344, 367, 370-1, 377-9, 392, 466, 480,
487, 494, 496, 503, 528
Marne,
Battle of the, 315
Marschall
von Bieberstein, Adolf Baron [1842-1912]. German Ambassador at Constantinople,
1897-1912; at London, 1912. 77, 80, 94-6, 98-9, 127-8, 132 n.38
Marseilles,
106, 325, 359
Martial
Law, 76, 148
Massacres:
Armenian, 7-8, 65-6; Bulgarian, 3-4; Christian, 122; Italian, 97
Masurian
Lakes, Battle of, 315, 355 n.3
Matapan,
Cape, 240-7, 260, 292
Maunsell,
Colonel Richard Francis [1861-
]. Military Attaché, Constantinople, 1901-5; employed at War Office,
1907-10. 23
Maxse,
Leo, 15 n.39
Maxwell,
General Sir John Grenfell [1859-1929]. Commanded British troops in Egypt,
1908-12 and 1914-16. 314-5
Maxwell,
R. P., Senior Clerk in British Foreign Office, 1902-13. 57 n.89
McKenna,
Reginald [1863-1943]. Liberal MP, 1895-1918. First Lord of the Admiralty,
1908-11; Home Secretary, 1911-5; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1915-6. 44, 92,
113
Mecca,
516
Mediation,
106, 108, 125, 168, 205
Mediterranean,
9, 19, 44, 78, 80, 95, 108, 111, 149, 164, 168, 181, 191, 222, 269, 275, 283,
371, 395, 422, 486, 499, 503, 506
Mehmet
Reshad Effendi [1844-1918]. Sultan of Turkey, 1909-18. 67, 80, 105, 115-6, 126,
128, 134, 140
Memoranda
(in chronological order): Memorandum on war with Turkey and forcing the
Dardanelles (C.I.D., 1906), 17-22, 528-33; Memorandum by Adam Block on
Franco-German economic penetration up to 1906, 518-9; Exchange of memoranda
between Austria and Russia (May/June 1908), 39; Memorandum by Grey on the
question of opening the Straits (14 October 1908), 45-6; Memorandum by Eyre
Crowe on the Mediterranean situation (May 1912), 110; Memorandum on the
transportation of oil by the D.O.D. (16 January 1913), 431; Memorandum by
Churchill on the Oil Fuel Supply for the Navy oil (May 1913), 441-2, 450;
Memorandum by Louis Mallet on Anglo-Turkish relations (June 1913), 149; Opinion
by the Attorney-General on the legal position regarding Turkish ships building
in England (July 1914), 221; Memorandum by Eyre Crowe urging immediate action
(August 1914), 278, 282; Note by Adam Block on his conversation with Halil (10
August 1914), 262-3; Corbett’s memorandum on the Baltic Scheme (December
1914), 349, 387; Hankey’s “Boxing Day Memorandum” (December 1914), 347-51;
Memorandum by Churchill on alternative strategies (December 1914), 348-51;
Memorandum by Lloyd George on alternative strategies, 351, 370; Memorandum by
Fisher on risking ships without military co-operation (25 January 1915), 387-9;
Memorandum by Balfour on confusion between competing strategies (24 February
1915), 466; Memorandum by Wemyss, 496-7
Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein,
Albert Count [1861-1945]. 1st Secretary at the Austro-Hungarian Embassy at
London, 1904; Ambassador at London, 1904-14. 47
Merchant
shipping, 25, 85, 124, 204, 228, 265, 278, 281, 360, 406, 413, 534
Mesopotamia,
78-9, 160, 412-3, 422-5, 427-8, 440, 445, 447, 457, 462, 464, 483-8, 498, 500
Mesopotamian
oil, 359, 428, 432-3, 447, 449-51, 456-8
Messina,
239-41, 245-6, 250, 258, 510
Messudieh,
330
Messudieh
(Turkish ship), 59, 345, 370
“Metriticicas”,
244, 251
Metternich,
Count Paul von Wolff-, German Ambassador at London, 1901-12. 64
Mexico,
438 n.64, 453 n.8
Midhat
Pasha, 4, 7, 13 n.1
Midia,
see Enos-Midia
Military
intelligence, 20, 22
Millerand,
Alexandre [1859-1943]. French Minister of War, January 1912-January 1913 and
January 1914-October 1915. 394, 407
Milne,
Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley [1855-1938]. Second in command, Atlantic Fleet,
1905; second in command, Channel, 1908; commanded 2nd division, Home Fleet,
1909-10; Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Squadron, 1912-4. 229, 271 n.9,
282, 334, 427, 506; visits Constantinople, 201; and escape of Goeben and Breslau,
239-44, 246-52, 259-62, 264-5; reports ‘sale’ of Goeben, 268; recalled, 275; detaches cruiser to Suez, 280
Milne,
Lt-General (later Field Marshal) Sir George Francis [1866-1948]. Chief Staff
Officer, III Corps, 1914; commanded 27th Division, 1915; commanded XVI Corps,
1916; Commander-in-Chief, British Salonica Force, 1916-18. 496
Milovanovic,
M. Serbian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1908-12. 120
Mine
sweeping, 367, 474
Minefields,
21, 266, 301, 330-1, 380, 500, 520, 528
Mines,
19, 109, 229, 259, 269, 295, 313, 318 n.20, n25, 322-3, 331, 345, 349-50, 363,
367, 369, 378, 384, 473-4, 500, 511, 520
Minister
of War (Russian), 178
Mississippi
(American battleship), 205
Mittelmeerdivision,
147, 241, 251
Mitylene,
129, 190-1, 200
Mizzi,
69
MO1,
MO2, MO4, MO5, MO6, 22
Mobilization,
49, 90, 104, 122, 152, 212-3, 223, 225-8, 230, 234-7, 263, 274, 280, 284, 292,
311, 315, 332
Mohameddan
(Mohammedan), 20-1, 31, 86, 96-7, 156, 516, 532
Monastir,
27-8, 50, 152, 519
Montenegro,
3, 48-50, 116, 119, 121-2, 124, 139
Moore,
Admiral Sir Archibald Gordon [1862-1934]. Naval assistant to Admiral Fisher,
1907-8; Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes, 1909-12; Third Sea Lord,
1912-14; Commander of the 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron, 1914. 219, 221
Morgenthau,
Henry [1856-1946]. American Ambassador at Constantinople, 1913-6. 193, 268, 270,
274, 325, 338 n.61, 510
Morley,
John, Viscount Morley [1838-1923]. Liberal MP, 1883-1908. Secretary of State for
India, 1905-10; Lord President of the Council, 1910-4. 45
Moroccan
crisis, 12, 17
Morocco,
17, 86, 111, 115
Moscow,
128, 505-6
Moslem,
see Muslim
Mosques,
128, 136
Muavenet
(Turkish ship), 323
Muhamerrah,
462
Muhtar,
Pasha. Turkish Ambassador, Berlin. 212
Mukhtar
Pasha, see Ghazi Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha
Munitions,
9, 311, 514
Murad
V, Sultan of Turkey, 1876. 3
Murray,
General Sir James Wolfe [1853-1919]. Chief of the Imperial General Staff,
October 1914-September 1915. 347
Murray,
Sir George. Director of Armstrong’s. 182
Muslim
agitation, fear of, 92, 125, 146, 153, 192, 278, 324, 422, 486, 488
Muslim
uprising, 21
Muslims
(Mussulmans), 31, 81, 96, 108, 121, 125, 155, 157, 184, 199, 224, 229, 238, 481,
484
Mutiny,
65, 346
Nafiz
Bey, 134
Naples,
427
‘Napoleon
of Oil’ (Deterding), 446
National
Bank of Turkey, 104, 133, 238, 427-8, 436 n.35, 448-9
Nationalism,
Turkish, 82; Albanian, 119
Nationalists,
24, 32, 39, 65
Naval
intelligence, 301
Naval
Intelligence Department, 22, 143 n.2, 528, 534. See
also, Director of Naval Intelligence, Battenberg, Hall, Oliver, Ottley
Navy
Estimates (British), 19, 445, 456
Nazim,
Dr, 76
Nazim
Bey, Head of Military police at Salonica, 1908. 27
Nazim
Pasha, General. Turkish Minister of War. 65, 114-5, 122-4, 149; assassination of
(1913), 133-4
Nelidov
project, 7
Nelson,
Admiral Lord, 403
Neratov,
95, 163
Neshid
Pasha (Turkish transport), 200, 222, 286
Neutral
Sphere, Persia, 443, 460, 482
Newcastle,
200-1, 219, 279
Niazi
Bey, Major. C.U.P. activist. Conducted a guerrilla campaign in the vicinity of
Monastir after fleeing from Resna on 3 July 1908. 27, 36 n.46
Nicaria,
109
Nicholas,
Grand Duke [1856-1929]. Russian Commander-in-Chief, 1914. 352, 396, 464
Nicholas
II [1868-1918]. Emperor of Russia, 1894-1917. 163, 213, 476, 480-3
Nicolson,
Sir Arthur (since 1916, 1st Baron Carnock) [1849-1928]. British Ambassador at
Madrid, 1905-6; at St Petersburg, 1906-10; Permanent Under-Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs, 1910-16. 26, 41-2, 44-5, 47-8, 50-1, 82, 85, 90, 97, 102
n.36, 104-6, 116 n.17, 119-21, 126, 129-30, 140-1, 145, 157, 160, 164, 179, 221,
224, 231, 241, 259, 428-9, 463-4, 475; advocates Anglo-Russian alliance, 63;
becomes Permanent Under-Secretary, 79; puzzled by Potsdam meeting, 81; less
strident, 83; and Baghdad Railway, 84; pro-Italian, 92; dismissive of Turkish
proposals, 93, 96-7; and Tcharykov intrigue, 94-5, 99; fear of Muslim agitation,
108; opposes removal of Mediterranean battleships, 110-3; responds to Kiamil’s
appeal, 125; no longer conciliatory, 128; pleased that Adrianople is retaken,
152; sets out Foreign Office view, 153; and Liman mission, 165-6; and
Anglo-Russian Naval Convention, 197; meeting with Tewfik Pasha (1 August 1914),
223; and waning influence of, 224; informed that Goeben is heading for Dardanelles, 258; his opinion of Venizelos,
302; and German influence, 425; opposes Greek aid, 479; agrees to Russian
claims, 482
Nikita,
King, 121
Nile,
3, 112
Nisami,
Osman Pasha, 128-9
Nish,
123
Nizamy
Pasha, 107-8
Noble,
Saxton William Armstrong [1863-1942]. Managing Director, Armstrong, Whitworth
and Company. 221
Northcliffe
(Alfred Charles William Harmsworth) [1865-1922]. Journalist and newspaper
proprietor. 514-5
Novorossisk,
322-3
O’Beirne,
Mr H. J. [1866-1916]. British Councillor of Embassy at St Petersburg, 1906-15.
164, 166-7, 169
O’Conor,
Sir Nicolas [1843-1908]. British Ambassador at Constantinople, 1898-1908. 23,
25, 28, 137, 518
Objectives,
11, 47, 61-2, 84, 106-8, 139, 214-5, 252, 279, 284, 329, 366, 370, 381, 428,
474, 528, 532
Obligations,
6, 155, 210-1, 266, 311, 459, 516
Offensive,
123, 137, 312, 326, 351, 363, 369, 379, 388, 392, 394-5, 408-9, 422, 487
Offers
of Greek assistance, 225, 252, 295, 301-2, 408-10, 412, 465, 477-80, 488, 504
Oil,
60, 321, 323, 347, 359, 422-34, 440-51, 456-63, 483, 485-6, 488, 521
Oilfields,
428, 432, 445, 450, 456, 458-9, 462-3, 485
Okhrida,
27
Oliphant,
Lancelot [1881- ].
Acting 3rd Secretary, Constantinople, 1905-6; Tehran, 1909-11; Assistant Clerk,
Foreign Office, 1916. 259, 283
Oliver,
Vice-Admiral (later Admiral of the Fleet) Sir Henry Francis [1865-1965]. Naval
assistant to Sir John Fisher, 1908-10; Director of Naval Intelligence, 1913-4;
Chief of the Admiralty War Staff, November 1914-17. 226, 356 n.22, 357 n.37,
360, 366, 368, 376, 378, 381, 394; opposes further bombardment at Dardanelles
(November 1914), 330, 344; sees Hankey’s memorandum, 347; opposes both Baltic
and Borkum schemes, 350; purportedly agrees to step-by-step reduction of forts,
366; and Battle of Dogger Bank, 387
Opportunism,
135, 315, 411
Orient,
414
Orkanieh,
Fort, 107
Osman
Pasha, 4, 27
Ostatki
(Russian oil), 424
Ostrorog,
Leon, Legal Adviser to the Porte, 1898-1914; later a Director of Armstrong’s.
135-6
Ottley,
Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Langley [1858-1932]. Director of Naval Intelligence,
1905-7, Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1907-12; Director of
Armstrong, Whitworth & Company, 1912-7. 19, 22, 184, 229, 237-8, 265-6, 291
Ottoman
Army, see Turkish Army
Ottoman
Docks Concession, 184-5
Ottoman
Empire, 8, 18, 22-3, 27, 39, 41, 59, 76, 80, 91-2, 94, 98, 113, 146, 149-51,
157, 178, 194, 196, 199, 224, 253, 260, 283, 314, 320-1, 325, 449, 451, 457,
475, 480, 486-7, 489, 494, 504-6, 516, 530-2
Ottoman
Government, see Turkish Government
Ottoman
Navy, see Turkish Navy
Ottoman
opposition movement, 24
Ottoman
Parliament, 4-5, 7, 29, 31, 50,
65-6, 78, 105, 115, 146
Ottoman
Public Debt, 3, 61, 116, 185, 202 n.21, 518
Ottoman
Territorial Integrity, 98, 149, 151, 194, 279, 283, 286, 326, 457-8
Ottomanizing
Policy, 65, 72 n.1, 76, 82, 119
Ouchy,
115
Outrages,
106, 121, 208, 262, 324, 508
Ovey,
First Secretary, Constantinople, 207
Padishah,
158
Pakenham,
Captain (later Admiral Sir) William [1861-1933]. Present as observer at
Tsushima, 1904; Fourth Sea Lord, 1911; Rear-Admiral commanding 3rd Cruiser
Squadron, Home Fleet, 1913; commanded 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron, 1915;
commanded Battle Cruiser Fleet, 1917. 425
Pakenham
Committee, 425, 434, 442
Paléologue,
M. Maurice Georges [1859-1944]. French Minister at Sofia, 1907-12; Director of
Political and Commercial Affairs, French Foreign Office, 1912-4; Ambassador at
St Petersburg, 1914-17. 480
Palestine,
483, 486, 494, 496, 498, 500
Pallavicini,
Jean, Marquis von [1848-1941]. Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Constantinople,
1906-18. 193, 195, 208-12, 214
Pan-Islam,
76, 81-2, 88 n.22
Panthersprung,
89 n.36
Parker,
Mr Alwyn [1877-1951]. Junior Clerk in British Foreign Office, 1906-12; Assistant
Clerk, 1912-17, Librarian, 1918-19. 156, 451
Parliament,
see Ottoman Parliament
Parry,
Lieutenant (later Admiral Sir) William Edward [1893-1972]. Lieutenant, HMS Grasshopper, 5th destroyer flotilla, 1914. Commanded HMS Achilles,
Battle of the River Plate, 1939. 272 n.51, 301, 307, 312
Partisans,
66
Party
of Freedom and Accord, 105
Patras
(Greece), 300-1
Patris
(Greek newspaper), 257 n.83
Pears,
Sir Edwin [1835-1919]. Barrister and writer, resident in Constantinople,
1873-1914. 207
Peirse,
Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Henry [1860-1940]. Commander, Allied Naval Forces on
the Suez Canal, 1914-6. 473-5, 523
Peoti,
60
Pera,
23, 30, 38, 61, 66-7, 204, 505
Pera
Palace Hotel, 137
Persia,
44, 60, 76, 80-1, 96, 125, 334, 354, 422-5, 428, 433-4, 438 n.64, 440, 443, 445,
448, 460-1, 463, 480, 482, 487-9, 519, 521
Persian
Gulf, 9-10, 60, 77, 84, 150, 156, 160, 294-5, 343, 422, 425, 440, 444, 446, 448
Persian
neutrality, 487
Persian
oil, 427, 431, 433-4, 442
Peru,
42
Pessimism,
77, 223
Petersburg
(Petersburgh), 42-3, 47-8, 62-3, 79, 97, 121, 126, 128, 163-4, 166, 170-1, 195,
205, 212, 227, 244-5, 247-8, 251, 259-60, 275, 292; Petrograd, 350, 353, 464,
466, 476, 480, 487-8
Philippeville,
254 n.29
Phipps,
see Hornby
Pichon,
M. Stephan, French Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1906-11. 154-5
Pisa
(Italian ship), 106
Plans,
see War Plans
Plevna,
4
Plok
(coal merchant), 250, 256 n.75
Poë,
Admiral Sir Edmund, 91
Pohl,
Admiral Hugo von, Chief of the German Admiralty Staff, 1914. 214, 254 n.28
Poincaré,
M. Raymond Nicolas Landry [1860-1934]. French Minister for Finance, 1906; Prime
Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1912-3, 1922-4, 1926-9; President of
the French Republic, 1913-20. 154, 205, 212
Pola,
242, 258, 264, 473
Politis,
Nikolaos [1872-1942]. With Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1914. 284
Pollio,
General Alberto. Italian Chief of General Staff. 113, 117 n.29
Ponceau,
(Quai d’Orsay), 252
Port
Arthur, 355 n.3, n.13
Port
Said, 241, 510, 523
Portland,
oil storage at, 424
Potsdam,
81
Power,
Captain (later Admiral Sir) Laurence Eliot [1864-1927]. Captain Superintendent
of Contract Work on the Tyne, 1912-15; Director of Dockyards and Repairs,
1915-23. Rear-Admiral, 1916; Vice-Admiral, 1920; Knighted, 1921; Admiral, 1925.
222-3
Prefect
of Police, 148
Presbitero,
Rear Admiral, 106
President
of the Board of Trade, 77
President
of the Senate, 114
Preveza,
91
Proclamation
of Turkish neutrality, 226
Protectorate,
10, 320, 477, 484
Protocol:
Anglo-Turkish, 51; Austro-Turkish, 73, n.25; Russo-Turkish, 62
Pruth
(Russian ship), 323
Quadruple
Alliance proposed, 96
Quadt,
von Wykradt von, Count, German Minister to Athens, 1912-5. 246, 250-1, 255 n.58
Quai
d’Orsay, 127, 205, 252, 421
Queen
Elizabeth (British super-dreadnought), 378, 380, 382-4, 386, 398-9, 402,
407, 431
Rahmi
Bey, Vali of Smyrna, 473
Railway,
Baghdad, 8-9, 11-2, 39, 60-1, 77-7, 81, 83-4, 128, 348, 359, 423, 445, 447,
449-51, 462, 483-4, 519
Railways,
60, 94, 293, 440-1, 443-4, 447, 474, 521
Ramazan
(Ramadan), 48
Raouf
Bey, Captain, 183-4, 200, 219, 223, 279, 281, 501, 504, 508 n.23
Rapprochement,
25, 68, 71, 127, 145, 190, 194-7
Rattlesnake
(British destroyer), 312
Rebellion,
3, 27-8, 114
Reciprocity
in proposed Straits agreement, 44-6
Recognition
of Turkish sovereignty, 84
Red
Crescent, 106
Reed,
John, 237
Reforms,
3-4, 6-7, 18, 26, 28-32, 42, 61, 63, 68-9, 71, 83, 114, 124, 128, 143, 146,
150-1, 153, 155, 157, 160, 170, 183, 195, 197, 209
Reigate,
96
Reinforcements,
123, 280, 316, 345, 352, 354, 393, 463, 533
Religion,
32, 76
Religious
backlash, 62
Religious
sensibilities, 329
Rendel,
George, Third Secretary at British Legation, Athens, 1914. 242, 247
Repatriation
of German crews, 276, 279, 282, 324, 313
Reshad-i-Hamiss,
work halted on, 142
Reshadieh
(Rechadieh, Reshad V), 82, 88 n24,
158 n.6, 184, 198-9, 219, 238. Subsequently HMS Erin.
Reshuffle,
28, 115
Resna,
27
Reval,
26-7
Revenue,
10, 29, 61
Revolt,
27, 82, 119-21
Revolution:
Young Turk, 25, 27, 38, 62, 65, 146, 149, 267, 471, 505; Counter-revolution, 61,
64-9, 76, 90, 115, 466; Islamic revolution, 506
Rhine,
347
Rhodes,
109, 130
Rhodope
Mountains, 120
Richmond,
Captain (later Admiral Sir) Herbert William [1871-1946]. Assistant Director of
the Operations Division, Admiralty, 1913-5. 329, 337 n.44, 373 n.21, 386
Richmond
(Surrey), 398
Rifaat
Pasha [1860-1925]. Turkish Minister at Athens, 1898-1908; Ambassador at London,
1908-9; Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1909-11; Ambassador at Paris, 1911-14. 42,
47, 61, 67, 74 n.36
Rintelen,
Captain Franz von, 292-3
Rio
de Janeiro, 181
Rio
de Janeiro (Brazilian dreadnought), 143 n.2, 181-3, 190, 198, 200. See also Sultan
Osman and Agincourt.
River
monitors, 406
River
transport, 9
Riverain
Powers, 43, 45-7
Riza
Bey, Ahmed [1859-1950]. Turkish President of the Chamber of Deputies, 1908-12.
24
Robeck,
De, see De Robeck
Robertson,
Malcolm Arnold [1877- ].
British Chargé d’Affaires, Rio de Janeiro, 1913-15. 183
Robertson,
Field-Marshal Sir William [1860-1933]. Quartermaster-General, GHQ, France, Aug.
1914-Jan. 1915; Chief of the General Staff, Jan.-Dec. 1915. 359
Rodd,
Sir James Rennell [1858-1941]. British Ambassador at Rome, 1908-21. 90, 227, 258
Rodosto,
152
Rojdestvenky,
Admiral, 35 n.31
Rome,
62, 78, 86, 90, 107, 109, 113, 194-5, 227, 258-9
“Room
40”, 472, 490 n.5
Rothschild,
Lord, 220
Rotterdam,
372
Roumania,
49, 70, 86, 152, 208-10, 214, 224, 226-7, 234-6, 258, 284, 294-5, 307, 309, 311,
314-6, 321, 326, 333-4, 348, 351, 359, 361, 370, 409-10, 423, 426, 432, 464-5,
482, 487, 497
Roumanian
declaration of war against Bulgaria, 152
Royal
Commission on Fuel Oil, 426-32, 441-2, 445-7
Royal
Naval Division, 344
Rusa
Bay, 260
Russell,
Lieutenant-Colonel Alick. British Military Attaché, Berlin. 162
Russian
Ambassador, 45, 62, 94, 97-8, 121, 127, 153, 163, 169, 199, 204, 228, 243, 252,
258-9, 270, 283, 398, 421, 464, 476, 512. See
also Benckendorff, Giers, Tcharykov
Russian
Army, 3, 196, 350, 353
Russian
Baltic Fleet, see Baltic Fleet
Russian
Black Sea Fleet, see Black Sea Fleet
Russian
Fleet, 11, 229, 243, 307, 322, 333, 397, 511. See
also Russian warships, Baltic Fleet, Black Sea Fleet
Russian
policy, 179. See also, Anglo-Russian
Convention; Franco-Russian Alliance; Fear of Russian encroachment; Fear of
Russia negotiating separate peace
Russian
veto, 475-9
Russian
War Indemnity, 58 n.94
Russian
War Office, 354
Russians
warships, 17, 25-7, 39, 44, 100, 307
Russo-Japanese
War, 19, 22, 25, 79, 533
Russo-Turkish
relations, 39, 47-8, 62, 97, 195, 197-8, 234, 274, 422
Ryan,
Andrew (later Sir Andrew) [1876-1949]. Second Dragoman at the British Embassy,
Constantinople, 1907-14. His impressions of Lowther, 64-5; witnesses
counter-revolution, 67; not impressed by Mallet, 160; reports his concern (June
1914), 204; does not share outlook of Chargé
d’Affaires, 207; and unfortunate repercussion of pre-emption, 230;
relieved by Mallet’s return, 280-1; and Black Sea shipping, 282; Mallet is too
mercurial, 285; believes two conflicting forces are at work at the Porte, 291;
final interview with Said Halim and departure, 324-5; interview with Guy Shirey,
510
Saadullah
Bey, Lieutenant-Colonel, 501, 508 n.39
Sabis,
Major, 281
Saïd
Pasha (Küchük Saïd Pasha) [1838-1914]. Turkish Grand Vizier, 1882-5, 1895,
1901-3, 22 July-5 August 1908, September 1911-July 1912. 28-9, 91, 93-4, 98, 114
Saint-Seine,
Capitaine de vaisseau Jean Charles Just Bénigne de [1865-1954]. French Naval
Attaché in London, 1911-6. 392-3
Sakharia
River, 480
Salisbury,
The 3rd Marquis of [1830-1903]. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
1895-1900; Prime Minister, 1895-1902. 5-9, 35 n.29, 96
Salonica
(Salonika), 23-5, 27-9, 38-9, 49-50, 62, 65-7, 70, 76-7, 97-8, 106, 119, 124,
127, 136, 151-2, 190-1, 201, 229, 242, 251, 366, 369, 394, 408, 410-1, 413, 465,
472, 496, 519, 527, 532
Samson,
Major L. L. R. British Consul at Adrianople, 1906-13; head of British secret
service in Greece, 1915. 34 n.13, 138-9
Samsun
(Turkish transport), 511
Samuel,
Marcus. Chairman of Royal Dutch-Shell, 429, 432, 434, 436 n.34, 446, 459-61
San
Giuliano, Marquis di. Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1905-6; Ambassador
at London, 1906-10. 117 n.29
San
Stefano, 5, 137
Sanders,
Liman von, see Liman
Sanderson,
Sir Thomas H. (later Lord Sanderson), Permanent Under-Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, 1894-1906. 11-2
Sapienza
Light, 243
Sarajevo,
206, 208
Sardegna
(Italian steamer), 300
Savage
(British destroyer), 312
Sazonov,
M. Sergei Dmitrievich [1866-1927]. Councillor of Russian Embassy at London,
1904-6; Agent to the Vatican, 1906-9; Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs,
1910-6. 94, 98, 121, 126-7, 170, 179, 196, 198, 207, 241, 304 n.28 398, 465,
475-7, 482-3, 486-9, 506; appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs, 81; learns of
Tcharykov intrigue, 95; repudiates Tcharykov, 99-100; urges naval demonstration,
154-5; poor opinion of, 165; and Liman mission, 166-7; declares Entente under
threat, 169; proposes démarche at
Berlin, 171; compromise reached, 176-8; his over-reaction, 180; and Turkish
overtures, 197; and Russian mobilization, 212; alliance approach from Enver,
235-6; proposes guarantee of Turkish territorial integrity, 275; hesitates over
declaring war against Turkey, 326; ambivalent attitude to fate of
Constantinople, 422; defines Russian territorial ambitions, 464; presents aide-memoire on question of Constantinople, 480
Schleswig-Holstein,
349, 363, 366, 369
Scott,
Admiral Sir Percy [1853-1924]. Captain of the RN Gunnery School, 1903-5;
Inspector of Target Practice, 1905. Hauled down flag 1909 but recalled to
Admiralty for special service, 1914-18. 378
Scutari,
124, 139, 179-80
Sebastopol
(Sevastopol), 322-3, 497, 511-2
Secular
policies, 62, 76, 82
Sedd-el-Bahr
(Sedul Bahr), 107, 329-30, 344
Selborne,
Earl of [1859-1929]. First Lord of the Admiralty, 1900-5. 424
Serbia,
3, 48-50, 70-1, 109, 119-23, 127, 139, 206-9, 211-2, 214, 219, 226-7, 235, 284,
308, 316, 322, 348, 361, 370, 407, 410, 412, 465, 479, 487, 495, 509
Serbian
casualties, 139
Serbian
Government, 152
Serbian
reply to Austrian ultimatum, 212
Serbian
troops, 152, 409
Serbian
war effort, 229, 242, 501
Shah
of Persia, 423-4
Shale
oil, 424, 433
Sheikh
of Koweit, 10, 84
Shell
(Royal Dutch-Shell), 427-30, 432-3, 440-1, 445-6, 449-50, 452, 456, 459-62
Shemshi
Pasha, General of the Turkish Army, 1908. 27
Sheriet,
65
Sherif
of Mecca, 486
Shevket,
Pasha, Mahmud [1856-1913]. Turkish Commander of the IIIrd Army Corps, 1908-9;
Inspector-General and Minister for War, 1910-2; Grand Vizier, January-June 1913.
78, 91, 122, 161; heads “Action Army”, 66; moves against Constantinople, 67;
holds real power, 76; at German army manoeuvres, 77; increases his power, 82;
resigns as Minister of War, 114; appointed Grand Vizier and re-appointed
Minister of War, 134; close relationship with Limpus, 142; assassination of,
148; and oil concessions, 447-8
Shipka
Pass, 4
Shirey,
Dr Guy, 510-3
Shukri
Bey, Colonel, 197
Shukri
Pasha, 138-9
Sicily,
240
Siege,
123, 138
Signal
Intelligence, see Interception of
German signals, “Room 40”
Sinai,
533
Sinope,
148
Slade,
Vice-Admiral Sir Edmond John Warre [1859-1928]. Director of Naval Intelligence,
1907-8; attached to the Commission on Oil Fuel Supplies, 1912-4. 327, 337 n.32,
446, 448, 450, 460, 483
Smith,
F. E., 366
Smyrna,
80, 98, 106, 113, 122, 148, 164, 199, 242, 268, 294, 302, 353-4, 366, 412,
473-4, 477, 503, 510-1, 519, 532
Sofia
(Sophia), 108, 120, 123, 152, 190, 226, 284, 292, 470
Souchon,
Rear-Admiral Wilhelm [1864-1933]. Commander of the German Mediterranean
Squadron, October 1913-August 1914. Appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Turkish
Navy, September 1914. 227, 259-62, 266-8, 276, 288 n.42, 292-4, 302, 314-5,
324-5, 332-5, 421, 510; ignores warning from Berlin, 228; his options (August
1914), 239-40; and escape from British, 241-52; reaches Dardanelles, 264;
contemplates Black Sea operations, 274; instrumental in removal of Limpus, 277,
279; prefers scheme for attack on Suez, 280; and opposition to Black Sea
sorties, 281; inspects Dardanelles defences, 307; attends conference to discuss
options, 308; threatens Grand Vizier, 309; first Black Sea cruise, 310; receives
secret orders from Enver, 321-2; attacks Russian ports, 323
Sovereignty,
10, 115, 126, 280, 516
Spee,
Admiral Maximilian Graf von [1861-1914]. Commanded East Asiatic Squadron,
Pacific, 1914. 384, 393
Sphere
of interest, 194-5, 423-4, 460, 463, 482, 487
Sporades,
106
St
James’s Conference (London, 1912-13), 127-8, 136, 154
Stamboul,
66-7, 114, 137, 266-7, 295
Stamfordham,
Baron (Arthur John Bigge) [1849-1931]. Assistant Private Secretary to Queen
Victoria, 1880-95; Private Secretary, 1895-1901; Private Secretary to Prince
George, 1901-10; to King George V, 1910-31. 122
Stampalia,
109
Standard
Oil, 449
Stanley,
Beatrice Venetia [1887-1948]. A cousin of Clementine Churchill and Asquith’s
confidante. 282, 327-8, 351-2, 366, 379-81, 384-5, 481
Stanley,
Frederick Arthur and Edward George Villiers: see
Derby
Stock,
H. W., 450-1
Stock
Exchange, 122, 425
Stolypin,
M. Russian Prime Minister, 1906-11. 40, 43, 48
Strachey,
St Loe, 15 n.39
Strauss,
Herr Emil (Deutsche Bank), 467 n.3
Strempel,
Major von, 193
Strouma
River, 120
Sturdee,
Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Charles Doveton [1859-1925]. Assistant Director of
Naval Intelligence, 1900-2; Rear-Admiral, Home Fleet, 1909-10; Chief of the
Admiralty War Staff, 1914; Commander-in-Chief of the 4th Battle Squadron,
1915-8. 255 n.46, 312, 317, 318 n.29, 384; Turkish ships to be treated as
hostile, 311; and November 1914 bombardment, 329; and Falklands victory, 345;
Fisher suggests to force Dardanelles, 360, 363; Churchill would rather work with
Fisher, 399
Suez
Canal, 3, 9, 11, 241, 260, 279-80, 315-6, 334, 351, 395, 399, 407, 523, 533
Suez
Canal Convention, 55 n.48, 260
Sultan
Osman (ex-Rio de Janeiro,
super-dreadnought), 183, 198-201, 214,
219, 221-2, 225, 237-8, 259, 266, 268, 285, 291. See also
Rio de Janeiro, Agincourt
Sultan
Selim I, 516
Sultanate,
28
Sultans
of Turkey, 3, 5-9, 12, 18, 21, 23-4, 28-31, 50, 60-1, 64-7, 76, 80, 105, 114-6,
126, 134, 140, 330, 516-7, 528-33. See
also Abdul Aziz, Abdul Hamid, Mehmet, Murad V
Superb
(British battleship), 494
Suzerainty,
84
Swiftsure
(British battleship), 79, 423-4, 473
Switzerland,
94-5, 115, 495
Sykes,
Sir Mark [1879-1919]. Conservative MP, 1910-9. Honorary Attaché at
Constantinople, 1905-7; British negotiator of an inter-Allied territorial
settlement for the Near East, 1916. 23, 424
Sylt
(code-name), 360
Syra,
242, 244-5, 247-8, 251, 258-9
Syria
3, 9, 11, 22, 157, 269, 343, 346, 348, 351, 354, 392, 395, 457, 477, 481-4, 532
Syrians,
49, 77
“Tabah
incident”, 33, n.3
Talaat,
Pasha, Mehmed [1874-1921]. Member of the Young Turk triumvirate, 1908. First
Vice-President of the Turkish Chamber of Deputies, 1909; Minister for the
Interior, 1909-1911; Minister of Post and Telegraph, 1912; Minister for the
Interior, 1913-7; Grand Vizier, 1917-8; assassinated. 25, 39, 80, 119, 135, 149,
152, 159 n.39, 177, 191, 205, 207, 209-10, 215, 225, 234, 267-8, 276, 291, 298,
308, 314-6, 317 n.9, 321, 325, 471, 507 n.12, 526; appointed Minister of Post
and Telegraph, 105; plans coup (1913), 133; description of, 136; appointed
President of Council, 148; overture to Russia, 197; advocates alliance with
Germany, 206; offers Sultan Osman to
Germany, 214; negotiates with Bulgarians, 284; pressure from Germany for action,
285; interview with Mallet, 297; in interventionists camp, 316; resigns as Grand
Vizier, 495; departs Constantinople, 505; assassinated, 506
Talks,
6, 27, 39, 43, 47, 115, 122, 128, 162-3, 168, 209, 213, 234, 274, 284, 447, 449,
471-4, 501-2
Tannenberg,
Battle of, 304 n.28, 315, 355 n.3
Taranto,
106
Taurus
tunnel system, 520
Taxation,
198
Tcharykov,
M. [1855-1930]. Assistant Secretary at Russian Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
1908-9; Ambassador at Constantinople, 1909-12. 41, 48, 97, 104, 108-9; opposes
Isvolsky’s policy, 40; offers Turk an understanding, 94; partly disowned, 95;
offers alliance to Turkey on own initiative, 98; repudiated, 99; recalled in
disgrace, 100
Tchatalja,
see Chatalja
Tewfik
Pasha, Ahmed [1845-1936]. Turkish Minister for Foreign Affairs 1895-1909; Grand
Vizier, 1909; Ambassador at London, 1909-14. 93, 96-9, 102 n.44, 114-5, 149-51,
182, 215, 221, 224, 228, 291, 317; appointed Grand Vizier, 66; goes to London as
Ambassador, 67; delivers appeal to Grey, 96; informs Grey of alleged Russian
approach for alliance, 98; sets too many conditions to be re-appointed as Grand
Vizier, 114; rebuffed after delivering appeal for defensive alliance, 149, 151;
informed of pre-emption of ships, 223; asks for passports, 330; becomes Grand
Vizier upon signing of armistice, 505
Texas
oil, 423-4
The
Tanin (Turkish newspaper), 177
The
Times (London), 69, 260, 514-5
Theocracy,
28
Theodosia,
322-3
Theotokis,
Greek Minister to Berlin. 245, 249-50
Therapia,
204, 207, 277, 346, 518
Third
Army Corps (Turkish), 24, 27, 66, 76, 177, 353
Third
Battle Squadron (British), 136, 158 n.5
Thrace,
122-3, 156-7, 190-1, 199, 210, 228, 230, 234, 291, 308, 321, 334, 348, 480
Tigris,
61
Tikvesh,
27
Tisza,
Count Stephan [1861-1918]. Hungarian Prime Minister, 1903-5, 1913-17;
assassinated, 1918. 208
Titanic
(Royal Mail Steamer), 107
Tobruk,
91, 106, 109
Toshev,
Bulgarian Minister to the Porte, 234-5
Townshend,
Major-General Sir Charles [1861-1924]. Commanded 6th Indian Division,
Mesopotamia, 1915-16. Prisoner of War after the siege of Kut, 1916-18. 498-9
Trafalgar
Square, 225
Trawlers,
17, 25, 474
Treasury
(U.K.), 449, 456
Treaty
of Berlin (1878), 102 n.43
Treaty
of Bucharest (August 1913), 156, 162, 207
Treaty
of London (May 1913), 140, 148, 151-2, 154
Treaty
of Paris (1856), 8, 102 n.43
Trebizond,
178, 497
Trinidad
(oil), 460
Triple
Alliance, 52, 80, 85-6, 99, 111-2, 122, 128, 150-1, 154, 167, 170-1, 178, 181,
192, 196, 207-11, 226-8, 263, 489. See
also Central Powers
Triple
Entente, 64, 70, 94-6, 104, 121, 130, 143, 150-1, 154-5, 157, 162, 166, 169,
176, 179, 186, 187 n.2, 197, 205-7, 213, 224, 234, 246, 251-2, 260, 262-3, 285,
291, 295, 309, 314, 321, 324-5, 333-5, 394, 421, 447, 478, 487
Tripoli,
9, 84-6, 91-3, 95, 97, 135, 532
Tripolitaine
coast, 91
Tripolitania,
93
Tripolitanian
War, 84
Triumph
(British battleship), 79, 141, 473-4
Triumvirate,
149, 505
Troubridge,
Rear-Admiral (later Admiral Sir) Ernest Charles Thomas [1860-1926]. Naval Attaché,
Vienna, Madrid, Tokyo, 1901-4; Private Secretary to the First Lord, 1911; Chief
of the Admiralty War Staff, 1912; Commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron,
Mediterranean, 1912-4; Head of the British Naval Mission to Serbia, 1915-16. 231
n.6, 300, 307, 506; and proposed evacuation of Mediterranean (May 1912), 110;
and Mediterranean naval standard, 220; and escape of Goeben and Breslau,
239-40, 246, 252; ordered not to show hostile intention, 283; instructed to
attack Goeben and Breslau
should they emerge from Dardanelles, 292; recalled to face Court of Inquiry,
299, 421
Tsar,
see Nicholas
Tsushima,
Battle of, 25
Tunis,
106, 155
Turanian,
76
Turco-Bulgarian
alignment, 162, 190, 194, 210, 214, 234
Turco-Bulgarian
Military Convention, 190, 234
Turco-German
Alliance, 215, 230, 235-6, 245, 249, 251, 264, 283, 325, 332, 509; proposed,
206, 215; signed, 215
Turco-German
Fleet, 323-4, 331, 512
Turco-German
invasion of Egypt, 17
Turco-Italian
War, 96, 104, 108, 110-1, 115, 119, 135, 146, 163, 180, 266
Turkification,
76, 81
Turkish
Ambassadors, 9, 42, 61, 93, 107, 150, 182, 212, 221, 223, 228, 260, 316-7. See also Rifaat, Tewfik
Turkish
Army, 4, 9, 18, 124, 139, 151-3, 157, 161-2, 166, 171, 177, 193-4, 201, 207,
211, 224, 234-5, 252, 294, 334, 351, 395, 400, 489, 520-1, 531, 533
Turkish
Cabinet, 38, 62, 78, 82, 90, 96-7, 126, 193, 206, 210, 229, 236, 275, 309, 332,
495, 498
Turkish
Fleet, 91, 107, 113-4, 140, 167, 200-1, 214, 246, 252, 281, 297, 299, 301, 307,
309, 313, 322, 332-4, 346, 370, 379, 397, 494, 511
Turkish
Government, 31, 46, 71, 85, 93, 96-8, 106, 113, 115, 130, 140, 150, 152, 168,
171, 182-5, 198-200, 220, 228-9, 237-8, 258, 261-2, 263, 274, 278, 283, 292,
297-9, 300, 310-2, 324, 326, 334, 447, 450-1, 487, 500, 504-5, 518-21, 534
Turkish
naval programme, 82
Turkish
Navy, 59, 141, 165, 183-4, 186, 198, 214, 222, 252, 269, 281, 294, 298, 301
Turkish
Petroleum Company, 427, 447-51, 456-8
Tweedmouth
(Edward Marjoribanks) [1849-1909]. First Lord of the Admiralty, 1905-8. 19
Tyne,
198, 200, 214, 219, 221-2
Tyrrell,
Sir William George [1866-1947]. Senior Clerk in the British Foreign Office,
Private Secretary to Sir E. Grey, 1907-15. 28, 42-3, 224, 232 n.21, 320, 378
Union
Oil Company of California, 453 n.8
Uprising,
21, 64-7, 76, 91, 147-8, 170, 529
Usedom,
Admiral Guido von. Commanded Turkish land defences, Bosphorus and Dardanelles,
1914-15. 294, 307-9, 314, 330, 332, 334, 345, 372
Vali
of Smyrna, 473-4
Vali
of Tripoli, 84. See also Ibrahim Pasha
Van,
23
Vassal
state, 95
Venice,
70
Venizelos,
Eleutherios [1864-1936]. Prime Minister of Greece, 1910-5, 1917-20, 1924,
1928-32, 1933. 201, 247, 414, 416 n.21, 483, 489, 506, 515; meeting with Grey
regarding Anglo-Greek entente, 191; makes mischief in Berlin, 192; proposes
defensive treaty with Turkey, 205; and abortive talks with Grand Vizier, 209-10,
213; fear of Bulgarian intentions, 225; learns of Turco-German alliance, 230;
prevaricates, 246; implicated in conspiracy, 249; supplies coal to German ships,
250; his motives, 251-3; and Bulgarian intentions, 302, 408; Grey offers
territory to, 409; refuses to enter war, citing fear of Bulgaria, 410; rejects
latest offer, 411; ambition re-aroused by opening bombardment, 477; unable to
prevail at Council of Ministers, 478, resigns, 479
Vere,
Arthur de Vere [1852-1916]. British resident and agent for Vickers in
Constantinople until his return to London in October 1914. 229, 237, 278-9, 323
Veto,
25, 47, 61, 477-8
Viale,
Admiral, 106-8
Vickers,
82-3, 142, 167, 184-5, 219, 237, 265, 317, 323. See
also Armstrong
Victoria,
Princess, 26
Victoria
& Albert (British Royal yacht), 26
Vienna,
5, 7, 47, 71, 93, 107, 122, 196, 214, 293, 308
Viviani,
René [1862-1925]. French Prime Minsiter, 1914. 205, 212
Vladivostock,
345, 355 n.3
Volpi,
Guiseppe (Italian emissary), 113, 115
Wangenheim,
Baron Hans Freiherr von [1859-1915]. German Minister at Athens, 1909-12;
Ambassador at Constantinople, 1912-15. 128, 142, 155, 162, 171, 176, 191, 193-5,
208, 211-2, 215, 225, 227, 236, 264, 268, 274, 284, 292, 315-6, 321, 450, 452,
509; his opinion of Lowther, 145; description of, 161; entertains doubts as to
Turkey’s value as an ally, 207; poor opinion of Turkish military prowess, 209;
ordered to overcome his doubts, 210; becomes thorough-going convert, 213;
requests that Goeben be sent to
Constantinople, 214; receives six proposals from Turks, 224; agrees to
proposals, 228; and proposed ‘sale’ of German ships, 267; pressure from
Berlin for action, 308; last minute reservations, 322
War
Cabinet (British), 366, 504
War
Council (British), 331, 344, 346-7, 351-2, 355 n.9, 359, 365-6, 368-70, 372,
376-82, 384-9, 392-4, 396, 398-402, 406-15, 466, 473, 476-7, 480-1, 483, 488
War
Plans: British, 111, 295, 349-52, 359-65, 370-2, 377-84, 392-5; Greek, 301-2;
Russian, 195, 422; Turkish, 123, 137, 308-9, 322-3
Ward,
‘Baron’ Thomas de, 447, 449, 451
Warsaw,
353
Warsaw,
Battle of, 315, 332
Warspite
(British super-dreadnought), 431
Wassif
Bey, 200, 219
Weakley,
Mr Ernest [1861-1923]. British Commercial Attaché at Constantinople, 1897-1914.
450
Wellesley,
Lord Gerald [1885- ].
Entered Diplomatic Service, 1908; Secretary, Constantinople, 1914. 207, 321
Weymouth
(British light cruiser), 254 n.31
Whitehall,
49, 81, 121, 146, 153, 422
Whitehead,
Sir J. B. British Minister at Belgrade, 1906-10. 56 n.68
Whitley
Bay, 200
Whittall,
Edwin. Long resident in Turkey; conducted secret talks with Turks, March 1915.
470-1, 475
Wilhelm
II, Kaiser [1859-1941] King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, 1888-1918. 17,
80-1, 96, 99, 142, 156, 169, 177, 192-5, 246, 254 n.28, 462, 472, 509; first
visit to Constantinople, 8-9; and Aerenthal’s ‘fearful stupidity’, 41;
wants Ottoman Empire strengthened as a military power, 80; and genesis of
Liman’s mission, 162-3; wishes to take strong line over Liman crisis, 177;
Germany’s influence non-existent at Porte, 195; Turkey is past saving, 207;
expediency overrules previous doubts, 210-1; agrees to Turkish alliance terms,
212; persuades Tsar to delay general mobilization, 213; informs King Constantine
of alliance, 245
Wilhelmshaven,
369
Williams,
Admiral Hugh Pigot [1858- ].
Naval Adviser to the Turkish Government, 1910-2. 79, 82-3, 140, 142, 180
Wilson,
Admiral Sir Arthur Knyvet [1842-1921]. Commander-in-Chief of the Home and
Channel Fleets, 1901-7; First Sea Lord, 1910-11; employed at the Admiralty in an
unofficial capacity throughout the war. 327, 360; and embargo of Turkish ships,
220-1, 238; plan to bombard Heligoland, 350; at War Council 379; and Battle of Dogger Bank, 387
Wilson,
General Sir Henry Hughes [1864-1922]. Director of Military Operations, 1910-4;
chief liaison officer with the French Army, 1915. 160, 507 n.5, n.8, n.15; and
proposed withdrawal of Mediterranean battleships (May 1912), 110; inspects
Tchatalja lines, 127; on loss of prestige in Turkey, 158; and Turkish
capitulation, 494-7
Wireless
Telegraphy, 245, 248-9
‘The
World Crisis’, 357 n.35, 362, 365-6, 373 n.18, 462
Wurzburg,
77, 276
XXIXth
Division (29th Division), 406, 408, 411-5, 514-5
Yasamee,
Feroz, 332
“Yellow
Peril”, 81
Yemen,
7, 105
Yeniköy,
215, 224, 277
Yildiz,
9, 50, 67
Ypres,
465
Zaimis
(ex-Premier of Greece), 284
Zeebrugge,
356 n.16, 362, 370-1, 379, 388, 394, 399-400, 406, 409
Zeppelin
attack, 360-2. See also Defence of
London
Zionists,
23
Zone
of Work, 194
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